Electronic writing apparatus with ring-back and other functionalities

ABSTRACT

A circuit includes a function module, a processing module, and a transceive circuit. The function module is operably coupled to detect stimulus of an electronic writing apparatus and generate functional data based on the stimulus. The processing module is operable to generate an outbound data signal from the functional data. The transceive circuit is coupled to a conductor of the electronic writing apparatus and includes a reference circuit operably coupled to, generate an identifier signal having a unique waveform characteristic that is an identifier for an aspect of the electronic writing apparatus, and combine the outbound data signal with the identifier signal to produce a transmit reference signal. The transceive circuit also includes a drive-sense circuit that is operably coupled to regulate the transmit reference signal on the conductor and generate an error correction signal based on the transmit reference signal and an inbound signal received via the conductor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to35 U.S.C. § 120 as a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patentapplication Ser. No. 17/062,043, entitled “ELECTRONIC PEN WITH RING-BACKAND OTHER FUNCTIONALITIES,” filed Oct. 2, 2020, pending, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No.16/445,420, entitled “PEN FOR USE WITH A TOUCH SCREEN,” filed Jun. 19,2019, pending, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 120 as acontinuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No.16/436,698, entitled “PEN FOR USE WITH A TOUCH SCREEN,” filed Jun. 10,2019, pending. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 17/062,043 alsoclaims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/910,182, entitled “ELECTRONIC PEN WITH RING-BACK ANDOTHER FUNCTIONALITIES,” filed Oct. 3, 2019, expired. Each of thesepatent applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent applicationfor all purposes.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC

Not Applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Technical Field of the Invention

This invention relates to computer systems and more particularly tointeraction of a writing instrument with a touch screen of a computingdevice.

Description of Related Art

Computers include user interfaces to receive data from a user and tooutput data to a user. A common user interface is a graphical userinterface (GUI) that provides images, or icons, for various types ofdata input (e.g., select a file, edit a word, type a character, draw apicture, look at a photo, format a document, etc.). In an example, theuser selects an icon by manipulating a mouse to align a cursor with anicon and then “selects” the icon. In another example, the user selectsan icon by touching the screen with the user's finger or with a specialpen.

For general use of a pen with computers from different manufacturersand/or having different touch screen technologies, a pen includes aring-back topology as described in patent application PCT/US201267897.The ring-back topology includes an inverting charge integrator and aninverting amplifier. When the tip of a ring-back pen touches the screen,the tip receives a signal from the screen. The inverting chargeintegrator integrates and inverts the received signal. The invertingamplifier inverts the integrated and inverted signal to produce anoutput signal that resembles the received signal. The pen sends theoutput signal back to the screen. The output signal affects the signaltransmitted by the screen, which screen interprets as a touch.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a communicationdevice with a pen and/or an input device in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computingdevice in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computingdevice in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of an example of capacitance of atouch screen with no touch in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of an example of capacitance of atouch screen with a touch from a pen or a device in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicpen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a cross section diagram of another embodiment of an electronicpen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a cross section diagram of another embodiment of an electronicpen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a cross section diagram of another embodiment of an electronicpen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of an example of an electronic peninterfacing with a touch screen in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 11 is a cross section diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic pen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of another example of an electronicpen interfacing with a touch screen in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic block diagram of another example of an electronicpen interfacing with a touch screen in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicpen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic pen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of atransmit-receive circuit of an electronic pen in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of atransmit-receive circuit of an electronic pen in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 18 are schematic block diagrams of an embodiment of a raw datacircuit and a secondary circuit of an electronic pen in accordance withthe present invention;

FIG. 19 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a referencecircuit and a drive sense circuit (DSC) of a raw data circuit inaccordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 20-23 are diagram of examples of drive signals and effects on thedrive signals in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 24 is a diagram of an example of orientation signals in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 25 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a raw datacircuit in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 26 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a packetprocessing module of a raw data circuit in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 27 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a secondarycircuit of an electronic pen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 28 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an operationalamplifier circuit of the secondary circuit in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 29 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a power outputcircuit of the secondary circuit in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 30 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a raw datacircuit and two secondary circuits of an electronic pen in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 31 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic pen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 32 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a power supply,a pen functionality circuit, a processing module, and a secondarycircuit of an electronic pen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 33 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a penfunctionality circuit, a processing module, and a secondary circuit ofan electronic pen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 34 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a z-directionpressure sensor, an orientation circuit, a processing module, and asecondary circuit of an electronic pen in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 35 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic pen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 36 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 37 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 38 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a touch portionin accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 39A is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a touchportion in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 39B is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a touchportion in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 40 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 41 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 42 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus generating a transmit reference signal inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 43 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a referencecircuit in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 44 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus tip transceiving signals with a touch screen inaccordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 44A-C are graphical illustrations of examples of signalingtransceived between electronic writing apparatus tip and a touch screenin accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 45 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus operating in a data communication mode in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 46 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of areference circuit in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 47A is a graphical illustration of an embodiment of transceivedsignals in a data communication mode in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 47B is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 48 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus operating in a beacon mode in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 49 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of areference circuit in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 50 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus operating in a ring back mode in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 51 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of areference circuit in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 52 is a graphical illustration of an embodiment of transceivedsignals in a ring back mode in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 53 is a graphical illustration of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus modulating data on a received signal in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 54 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus functioning as a pen and operating in ring back andbeacon modes in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 55 is a graphical illustration of an embodiment of transceivedsignals in ring back and beacon modes of an electronic writing apparatusfunctioning as a pen in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 56 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus functioning as an eraser and operating in ring backand beacon modes in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 57 is a graphical illustration of an embodiment of transceivedsignals in ring back and beacon modes of an electronic writing apparatusfunctioning as an eraser in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 58 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method of anelectronic writing apparatus communicating with a touch screen computingdevice in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 59 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 60 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 61 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus tip transceiving signals with a touchscreen in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 61A-D are graphical illustrations of examples of signalingtransceived between electronic writing apparatus tip and a touch screenin accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 62 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 63 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method of anelectronic writing apparatus determining conductors to utilize forcommunication with a touch screen computing device in accordance withthe present invention;

FIG. 64 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method of anelectronic writing apparatus communicating with a touch screen computingdevice in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 65 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method of a touchscreen computing device setting up communication with an electronicwriting apparatus in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computingdevice 10 having a touch screen 12, which may further include a displayto form a touch screen display. The computing device 10, which will bediscussed in greater detail with reference to one or more of FIGS. 2-3,may be a portable computing device and/or a fixed computing device. Aportable computing device may be a social networking device, a gamingdevice, a cell phone, a smart phone, a digital assistant, a digitalmusic player, a digital video player, a laptop computer, a handheldcomputer, a tablet, a video game controller, and/or any other portabledevice that includes a computing core.

A fixed computing device may be a computer (PC), an interactive whiteboard, an interactive table top, an interactive desktop, an interactivedisplay, a computer server, a cable set-top box, vending machine, anAutomated Teller Machine (ATM), an automobile, a satellite receiver, atelevision set, a printer, a fax machine, home entertainment equipment,a video game console, and/or any type of home or office computingequipment. An interactive display functions to provide users with aninteractive experience (e.g., touch the screen to obtain information, beentertained, etc.). For example, a store provides interactive displaysfor customers to find certain products, to obtain coupons, to entercontests, etc.

An electronic pen 16 interacts with the touch screen 12 to communicationdata with the computing device 10. For example, the pen 16 touches, ornearly touches, the touch screen at a pen interaction area 20. Withinthe pen interaction area 20, the touch screen 12 transmits a signal, ormultiple signals, which are received by the pen 16. In a ring back mode,the pen 16 mimics the signal it receives and sends it back to the touchscreen 12. In a more advanced mode, the pen 16 includes data with thering back signal to provide additional information to the touch screen.For example, the data includes pen orientation data (e.g., angles of thepen in two or more axis), pressure data (e.g., how hard the user ispressing the pen on the screen), pen functionality (e.g., fine tip,coarse tip, clean line, fuzzy line, etc.), pen mode (e.g., draw, write,erase), pen features (e.g., color, button presses, etc.), pen data(e.g., battery life, user information, feature set, capabilities, etc.),etc.

In another advanced mode, the touch screen 12 provides additional datato the pen 16. For example, the signal, or signals, transmitted by thetouch screen include embedded data. The embedded data for the pen 16includes a variety of information. For example, the embedded data forthe pen includes feedback for fine tuning the interaction between thepen and the touch screen (e.g., frequency selection, power control,etc.). In another example, the embedded data for the pen includesauthentication data to ensure that user of the pen on the computingdevice is authorized to do so.

While the example of FIG. 1 shows one pen 16 interacting with the touchscreen 12, multiple pens and/or fingers may simultaneously interact withthe touch screen 12. For example, while pen 16 is interacting with thetouch screen, a finger touches the touch screen 12 in a different areato convey different information to the computing device 10. As anotherexample, a second pen interacts with the touch screen 12 while pen 16 isinteracting with the touch screen.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computingdevice 10 that includes a core control module 40, one or more processingmodules 42, one or more main memories 44, cache memory 46, a videographics processing module 48, a display 50, an Input-Output (I/O)peripheral control module 52, one or more input interface modules, oneor more output interface modules, one or more network interface modules60, and one or more memory interface modules 62. A processing module 42is described in greater detail at the end of the detailed description ofthe invention section and, in an alternative embodiment, has a directionconnection to the main memory 44. In an alternate embodiment, the corecontrol module 40 and the I/O and/or peripheral control module 52 areone module, such as a chipset, a quick path interconnect (QPI), and/oran ultra-path interconnect (UPI).

Each of the main memories 44 includes one or more Random Access Memory(RAM) integrated circuits, or chips. For example, a main memory 44includes four DDR4 (4^(th) generation of double data rate) RAM chips,each running at a rate of 2,400 MHz. In general, the main memory 44stores data and operational instructions most relevant for theprocessing module 42. For example, the core control module 40coordinates the transfer of data and/or operational instructions fromthe main memory 44 and the memory 64-66. The data and/or operationalinstructions retrieve from memory 64-66 are the data and/or operationalinstructions requested by the processing module or will most likely beneeded by the processing module. When the processing module is done withthe data and/or operational instructions in main memory, the corecontrol module 40 coordinates sending updated data to the memory 64-66for storage.

The memory 64-66 includes one or more hard drives, one or more solidstate memory chips, and/or one or more other large capacity storagedevices that, in comparison to cache memory and main memory devices,is/are relatively inexpensive with respect to cost per amount of datastored. The memory 64-66 is coupled to the core control module 40 viathe I/O and/or peripheral control module 52 and via one or more memoryinterface modules 62. In an embodiment, the I/O and/or peripheralcontrol module 52 includes one or more Peripheral Component Interface(PCI) buses to which peripheral components connect to the core controlmodule 40. A memory interface module 62 includes a software driver and ahardware connector for coupling a memory device to the I/O and/orperipheral control module 52. For example, a memory interface 62 is inaccordance with a Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) port.

The core control module 40 coordinates data communications between theprocessing module(s) 42 and a network, or networks, via the I/O and/orperipheral control module 52, the network interface module(s) 60, and anetwork card 68 or 70. A network card 68 or 70 includes a wirelesscommunication unit or a wired communication unit. A wirelesscommunication unit includes a wireless local area network (WLAN)communication device, a cellular communication device, a Bluetoothdevice, and/or a ZigBee communication device. A wired communication unitincludes a Gigabit LAN connection, a Firewire connection, and/or aproprietary computer wired connection. A network interface module 60includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling thenetwork card to the I/O and/or peripheral control module 52. Forexample, the network interface module 60 is in accordance with one ormore versions of IEEE 802.11, cellular telephone protocols, 10/100/1000Gigabit LAN protocols, etc.

The core control module 40 coordinates data communications between theprocessing module(s) 42 and input device(s) via the input interfacemodule(s) and the I/O and/or peripheral control module 52. An inputdevice includes a keypad, a keyboard, control switches, a touchpad, amicrophone, a camera, etc. An input interface module includes a softwaredriver and a hardware connector for coupling an input device to the I/Oand/or peripheral control module 52. In an embodiment, an inputinterface module is in accordance with one or more Universal Serial Bus(USB) protocols.

The core control module 40 coordinates data communications between theprocessing module(s) 42 and output device(s) via the output interfacemodule(s) and the I/O and/or peripheral control module 52. An outputdevice includes a speaker, etc. An output interface module includes asoftware driver and a hardware connector for coupling an output deviceto the I/O and/or peripheral control module 52. In an embodiment, anoutput interface module is in accordance with one or more audio codecprotocols.

The processing module 42 communicates directly with a video graphicsprocessing module 48 to display data on the display 50. The display 50includes an LED (light emitting diode) display, an LCD (liquid crystaldisplay), and/or other type of display technology. The display has aresolution, an aspect ratio, and other features that affect the qualityof the display. The video graphics processing module 48 receives datafrom the processing module 42, processes the data to produce rendereddata in accordance with the characteristics of the display, and providesthe rendered data to the display 50.

The display 50 includes the touch screen 12, a plurality of drive-sensecircuits (DSC), and a touch screen processing module 82. The touchscreen 12 includes a plurality of sensors (e.g., electrodes, capacitorsensing cells, capacitor sensors, inductive sensor, etc.) to detect aproximal touch of the screen. For example, when a pen touches thescreen, capacitance of sensors proximal to the touch(es) are affected(e.g., impedance changes). As another example, when a pen touches thescreen, a sensor's signal is changed (e.g., magnitude increase,magnitude decrease, phase shift, etc.). The drive-sense circuits (DSC)coupled to the affected sensors detect the change and provide arepresentation of the change to the touch screen processing module 82,which may be a separate processing module or integrated into theprocessing module 42.

The touch screen processing module 82 processes the representativesignals from the drive-sense circuits (DSC) to determine the location ofthe touch(es). This information is inputted to the processing module 42for processing as an input. For example, a touch represents a selectionof a button on screen, a scroll function, a zoom in-out function, etc.

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computingdevice 10 that includes the touch screen 12, the drive-sense circuits(DSC), the touch screen processing module 82, a display 83, electrodes85, the processing module 42, the video graphics processing module 48,and a display interface. The display 83 may be a large screen display(e.g., for portable computing devices) or a large screen display (e.g.,for fixed computing devices). In general, a large screen display has aresolution equal to or greater than full high-definition (HD), an aspectratio of a set of aspect ratios, and a screen size equal to or greaterthan thirty-two inches. The following table lists various combinationsof resolution, aspect ratio, and screen size for the display 83, butit's not an exhaustive list.

pixel screen Resolution Width (lines) Height (lines) aspect ratio aspectratio screen size (inches) HD (high 1280 720 1:1 16:9 32, 40, 43, 50,55, 60, 65, definition) 70, 75, &/or >80 Full HD 1920 1080 1:1 16:9 32,40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, &/or >80 HD 960 720 4:3 16:9 32, 40, 43,50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, &/or >80 HD 1440 1080 4:3 16:9 32, 40, 43, 50,55, 60, 65, 70, 75, &/or >80 HD 1280 1080 3:2 16:9 32, 40, 43, 50, 55,60, 65, 70, 75, &/or >80 QHD (quad 2560 1440 1:1 16:9 32, 40, 43, 50,55, 60, 65, HD) 70, 75, &/or >80 UHD (Ultra 3840 2160 1:1 16:9 32, 40,43, 50, 55, 60, 65, HD) or 4K 70, 75, &/or >80 8K 7680 4320 1:1 16:9 32,40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, &/or >80 HD and 1280->=7680 720->=43201:1, 2:3, etc.  2:3 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, above &/or >80

The display 83 is one of a variety of types of displays that is operableto render frames of data into visible images. For example, the displayis one or more of: a light emitting diode (LED) display, anelectroluminescent display (ELD), a plasma display panel (PDP), a liquidcrystal display (LCD), an LCD high performance addressing (HPA) display,an LCD thin film transistor (TFT) display, an organic light emittingdiode (OLED) display, a digital light processing (DLP) display, asurface conductive electron emitter (SED) display, a field emissiondisplay (FED), a laser TV display, a carbon nanotubes display, a quantumdot display, an interferometric modulator display (IMOD), and a digitalmicroshutter display (DMS). The display is active in a full display modeor a multiplexed display mode (i.e., only part of the display is activeat a time).

The touch screen 12 includes integrated electrodes 85 that provide thesensors for the touch sense part of the touch screen display. Theelectrodes 85 are distributed throughout the display area or where touchscreen functionality is desired. For example, a first group of theelectrodes are arranged in rows and a second group of electrodes arearranged in columns.

The electrodes 85 are comprised of a transparent conductive material andare in-cell or on-cell with respect to layers of the display. Forexample, a conductive trace is placed in-cell or on-cell of a layer ofthe touch screen display. The transparent conductive material, which issubstantially transparent and has negligible effect on video quality ofthe display with respect to the human eye. For instance, an electrode isconstructed from one or more of: Indium Tin Oxide, Graphene, CarbonNanotubes, Thin Metal Films, Silver Nanowires Hybrid Materials,Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO), Amorphous Indium-Zinc Oxide,Gallium-doped Zinc Oxide (GZO), and poly polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT).

In an example of operation, the processing module 42 is executing anoperating system application 89 and one or more user applications 91.The user applications 91 includes, but is not limited to, a videoplayback application, a spreadsheet application, a word processingapplication, a computer aided drawing application, a photo displayapplication, an image processing application, a database application,etc. While executing an application 91, the processing module generatesdata for display (e.g., video data, image data, text data, etc.). Theprocessing module 42 sends the data to the video graphics processingmodule 48, which converts the data into frames of video 87.

The video graphics processing module 48 sends the frames of video 87(e.g., frames of a video file, refresh rate for a word processingdocument, a series of images, etc.) to the display interface 93. Thedisplay interface 93 provides the frames of video to the display 83,which renders the frames of video into visible images.

While the display 83 is rendering the frames of video into visibleimages, the drive-sense circuits (DSC) provide sensor signals to theelectrodes 85. When the screen is touched by a pen or device, signals onthe electrodes 85 proximal to the touch (i.e., directly or close by) arechanged. The DSCs detect the change for effected electrodes and providethe detected change to the touch screen processing module 82.

The touch screen processing module 82 processes the change of theeffected electrodes to determine one or more specific locations of touchand provides this information to the processing module 42. Processingmodule 42 processes the one or more specific locations of touch todetermine if an operation of the application is to be altered. Forexample, the touch is indicative of a pause command, a fast forwardcommand, a reverse command, an increase volume command, a decreasevolume command, a stop command, a select command, a delete command, etc.

If the signals received from the pen or device include embedded data,the touch screen processing module 82 interprets the embedded data andprovides the resulting information to the processing module 42. If,computing device 10 is not equipped to process embedded data, the pen ordevice still communicated with the computing device using the change tothe signals on the effected electrodes (e.g., increase magnitude,decrease magnitude, phase shift, etc.).

FIG. 4 is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example ofcapacitance of a touch screen 12 with no touch of a pen or a device. Theelectrode 85 s are positioned proximal to dielectric layer 73, which isbetween cover dielectric layer 71 and the display substrate 75. Eachelectrode 85 has a self-capacitance, which corresponds to a parasiticcapacitance created by the electrode with respect to other conductors inthe display (e.g., ground, conductive layer(s), and/or one or more otherelectrodes). For example, row electrode 85-r has a parasitic capacitanceC_(p1) and column electrode 85-c has a parasitic capacitance C_(p1).Note that each electrode includes a resistance component and, as such,produces a distributed R-C circuit. The longer the electrode, thegreater the impedance of the distributed R-C circuit. For simplicity ofillustration the distributed R-C circuit of an electrode will berepresented as a single parasitic capacitance.

As shown, the touch screen 12 includes a plurality of layers 71-75. Eachillustrated layer may itself include one or more layers. For example,dielectric layer 71 includes a surface protective film, a glassprotective film, and/or one or more pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA)layers. As another example, the second dielectric layer 73 includes aglass cover, a polyester (PET) film, a support plate (glass or plastic)to support, or embed, one or more of the electrodes 85-c and 85-r, abase plate (glass, plastic, or PET), an ITO layer, and one or more PSAlayers. As yet another example, the display substrate 75 includes one ormore LCD layers, a back-light layer, one or more reflector layers, oneor more polarizing layers, and/or one or more PSA layers.

A mutual capacitance (Cm_0) exists between a row electrode and a columnelectrode. When no touch is present, the self-capacitances and mutualcapacitances of the touch screen 12 are at a nominal state. Depending onthe length, width, and thickness of the electrodes, separation from theelectrodes and other conductive surfaces, and dielectric properties ofthe layers, the self-capacitances and mutual capacitances can range froma few pico-Farads to 10's of nano-Farads.

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of an example of capacitance of atouch screen with a touch from a pen 16. The pen 16 is capacitivecoupled to the row and column electrodes proximal to the touch. When thepen 16 is touch by a person and is touching the touch screen, the personprovides a path to ground such that the pen affects both the mutualcapacitance and the self-capacitance. When the pen is not touched by aperson, there is no path to ground and thus the pen or device onlyeffects the mutual capacitance.

In addition, the pen 16 receives signals from the touch screen via thecapacitance coupling to the screen. The signals transmitted by the pento the touch screen are also through the capacitance coupling and affectthe signals on the electrodes 85.

As an example, the device 14 is capacitively coupled to the touch screenof the computing device via capacitor Cx1 and/or capacitor Cx2. Forexample, the pen 16 is coupled to the touch screen via capacitor Cx1 orcapacitor Cx2. For a pen 16 touch, the capacitance of Cx1 or Cx2 isabout 50 femto-Farads. Depending on the area of the contact surface ofthe device, the capacitance of Cx1 and/or Cx2 will be in the range of 50femto-Farads to 10 or more pico-Farads.

Due to the small capacitance of Cx1 and/or Cx2, the pen 16 generates aneffective negative capacitance to enable the drive sense circuits (DSC)to detect the presence of the pen. In an embodiment, the effectivenegative capacitance is about −50 femto-Farads.

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicpen 16 that includes a pen tip 100 and a shell 101. The shell 101 is ahollow tube (e.g., circular, square, triangle, etc. cross section)having a length and diameter of a conventional pen. The shell 101further includes a tapered end towards the pen tip 100. The shell 101includes a circuitry housing 103 in which circuitry 102 resides. The pentip 100 is coupled to an extension piece 105, which mates with anorientation reference piece 113 or other mating piece within the shell111.

The circuitry 102 includes one or more circuit boards and conductors109, which are connected to a z-direction pressure sensor 107 andorientation capacitive plates 111. The orientation capacitive plates 111are mechanically coupled to the shell 111 and form orientationcapacitors with one or more capacitive plates within the orientationreference piece 113. The use of the orientation capacitors will bediscussed with reference to one or more subsequent figures.

When the pen tip 100 is in contact with a touch screen, the z-directionpressure sensor 107 measures an amount of pressure. In an embodiment,the z-direction pressure sensor 107 is a capacitive diaphragm that, whencompressed, changes capacitance. The change in capacitance correspondsto an amount of pressure. The change in capacitance is provided to thecircuitry 102, which includes the change in capacitance in a signal thatis transmitted to the touch screen via the pen tip 100.

FIG. 7 is a cross section diagram of another embodiment of an electronicpen 16 that includes the pen tip 100, the shell 101, secondaryorientation plates 111, the z-direction pressure sensor 107, theorientation reference piece 113, and one or more primary orientationcapacitive plates 115 (which is within the orientation reference piece113). The secondary orientation plates 111 and the one or more primaryorientation capacitive plates 115 form orientation capacitors. In thisexample, orientation capacitors (C−x and C+x) are shown. The electronicpen 16 would include at least one more orientation capacitor to createtilt orientation data (e.g., tilt of the pen).

A primary conductor 104, a secondary conductor 106, a ground shield 108,and a shield 108 a are mounted within the pen tip 100. The primaryconductor 104 functions to receive a signal from the touch screen 12 andto transmit a ring-back signal, which will be discussed with referenceto one or more subsequent figures. The secondary conductor 106 transmitsand/or receives other signals to and/or from the touch screen, whichwill be discussed with reference to one or more subsequent figures. Theshielding 108 and 108 a, which may be active or passive, provideelectrical isolation between the primary conductor 104 and the secondaryconductor 106, which helps to reduce and/or eliminate a ring-back blob(e.g., the image rendered on the touch screen is misaligned from theprimary conductor due to capacitive coupling between the primaryconductor and a conductive pen tip or conductive shell).

FIG. 8 is a cross section diagram of another embodiment of an electronicpen 16 that is similar to FIG. 7, but tilted. With a tilt in thedirection shown, the primary orientation capacitive plate 115 shiftswithin the shell 101. This shift decreases the gap between the primaryorientation capacitive plate 115 with one of the secondary orientationcapacitive plates 111, which increases the capacitance of orientationcapacitor (C−x). The shift also increases the gap between the primaryorientation capacitive plate 115 with one of the secondary orientationcapacitive plates 111, which decreases the capacitance of orientationcapacitor (C+x). Note that:

${C = {ɛ\frac{A}{d}}},$

where C=capacitance, ϵ=is permitivity of dielectric,

A is the area of the plates, and d is the distance between the plates.

A similar change occurs with the other orientation capacitors. Thecapacitance values of the orientation capacitors and/or their change incapacitance is transmitted to the touch screen via the secondaryconductor 106. This will be discussed in greater detail with referenceto one or more subsequent figures.

FIG. 9 is a cross section diagram of another embodiment of an electronicpen 16 that is similar to FIG. 7 with an exception being that the pentip 100 further includes a second secondary conductor 121 and anotherlayer of shielding 108 b. With a second secondary conductor 121,additional information can be transmitted to and/or received from thetouch screen.

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of an example of an electronic pen16 interfacing with a touch screen 12. The touch screen is shown toinclude a plurality of column electrodes 85-c and a plurality of rowelectrodes 85-r in, or on, one or more layers of the touch screen. Thepen tip of the pen 16 includes the primary conductor, the 1^(st)secondary conductor, and the 2^(nd) secondary conductor.

In an example, the computing device transmits a self-signal (e.g., asinusoidal signal at a first frequency) on at least some of the rows andcolumns of electrodes 85-c and 85-r. The self-signal allows the touchscreen processing module 82 (FIGS. 2 and 3) to determineself-capacitance of the electrodes. An increase is self-capacitance ofan electrode is indicative of a touch by the pen 16 being held by aperson (e.g., the person provides a path to ground).

To increase the self-capacitance of an electrode, the pen 16 receivesthe self-signal of the electrode (e.g., PRI TX signal) via the primaryconductor. The pen 16, via the circuitry, inverts and scales theself-signal to produce a ring-back signal. The pen 16, via the primaryconductor, transmits the ring-back signal (e.g., PM RX signal) to thetouch screen. The ring-back signal effectively causes an increase inself-capacitance of the electrode, which is indicative of a touch.

In another example, the pen 16 transmits pen orientation information(e.g., S1 TX signal) via the 1^(st) secondary conductor. For example,x&y data from the orientation capacitors and z data from the z-directionpressure sensor. The pen orientation data is sent in a raw format (e.g.,as raw data of capacitor values, change in capacitor values, a pressurevalue, etc.). The touch screen processing module 82 processes the rawdata (e.g., pen orientation data) to determine tilt of the pen andpressure being applied to the touch screen. This information is furtherprocessed by the touch screen processing module 82 to produce a desireeffect of pen usage. The touch screen processing module 82 can alsotransmit a signal (e.g., S1 RX) to the 1^(st) secondary conductor.

In yet another example, the pen 16 transmits pen functional data (e.g.,S1 TX signal) via the 2^(nd) secondary conductor. For example, penfunctional data includes one or more of color, erase, thickness, batteryinformation, etc. The pen functional data is sent in a raw format (e.g.,as analog signals, digital values, button presses, switch openings andclosings, etc.). The touch screen processing module 82 processes the rawpen functional data to determine a desired function of the pen. Thisinformation is further processed by the touch screen processing module82 to produce a desired effect of pen usage. The touch screen processingmodule 82 can also transmit a signal (e.g., S2 RX) to the 2^(nd)secondary conductor.

FIG. 11 is a cross section diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic pen 16 that includes the pen tip 100, the shell 101, and aneraser tip 125. The pen tip 100 includes the primary conductor 104, the1^(st) secondary conductor 106, and the shielding 108 and 108 a. Theeraser tip 125 includes the 2^(nd) secondary conductor 121 and a groundshield 123. The shell 101 is mechanically coupled to the pen tip 100 andthe eraser tip 125. The shell 101 also houses the circuitry 102, theorientation capacitors (C_(−x), C_(+x), C_(−y), C_(+y)), a pen tipz-direction pressure sensor 107, and an eraser z-direction pressuresensor 127. The pen tip 100 and the orientation capacitors operatesimilarly to the pen of FIG. 7.

In this embodiment, the pen 16 includes an electronic eraser. Theelectronic eraser includes the eraser tip 125, the 2^(nd) secondaryconductor 121, the ground shield 123, and a portion of the circuitry102. In addition, the electronic eraser may further include the eraserz-direction pressure sensor 127 to provide an indication of pressureapplied between the eraser tip 125 and the touch screen. Still further,the circuitry 102 may include an accelerometer and/or gyroscope todetermine when the pen tip 100 or the eraser tip 125 is towards thetouch screen. When the pen tip is towards the touch screen, thefunctionality of the eraser can be deactivated to save power. Similarly,when the eraser tip is towards the touch screen, pen functionality canbe deactivated to save power.

When the electronic eraser is being used, the circuitry 102 generates anelectronic eraser signal (e.g., a sinusoidal signal having a uniquefrequency). The circuitry 102 provides the electronic eraser signal tothe 2^(nd) secondary conductor, which is the conduit to transmit theelectronic eraser signal to the touch screen. The touch screenprocessing module 82 (FIGS. 2 and 3) processes the electronic erasersignal to erase data in an area corresponding to the touch of the 2^(nd)secondary conductor with the touch screen. Note that a touch includesphysical contact and in close proximity for signals to be transmittingand received.

When the electronic eraser includes the eraser z-direction pressuresensor 127, the eraser z-direction pressure sensor 127 sends rawpressure data (e.g., a capacitance value, a change in capacitance value,a pressure value, etc.) to the circuitry 102. The circuitry 102modulates the raw pressure data with the electronic eraser signal toproduce a modulates eraser signal. The circuitry 102 sends the modulatederaser signal to the 2^(nd) secondary conductor transmits, which is theconduit to send the signal to the touch screen. The touch screenprocessing module 82 (FIGS. 2 and 3) processes the modulated erasersignal to erase data in an area corresponding to the touch and pressureof the 2^(nd) secondary conductor with the touch screen. Note that the2^(nd) secondary conductor may be of any shape to emulate a conventionaleraser shape.

FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of another example of the pen tipof an electronic pen 16 interfacing with a touch screen 12. The touchscreen is shown to include a plurality of column electrodes 85-c and aplurality of row electrodes 85-r in, or on, one or more layers of thetouch screen. The pen tip of the pen 16 includes the primary conductorand the 1^(st) secondary conductor; the eraser tip includes the 2^(nd)secondary conductor.

In an example of the pen tip interfacing with the touch screen, thecomputing device transmits a self-signal to the primary conductor asdescribed with reference to FIG. 10. The circuitry 102 of the penprocesses the self-signal to produce the ring-back signal. The pen 16,via the primary conductor, transmits the ring-back signal to the touchscreen as described with reference to FIG. 10. With respect to the1^(st) secondary conductor, the pen 16 transmits pen orientationinformation and/or pen functional data as described with reference toFIG. 10.

FIG. 13 is a schematic block diagram of another example of the erasertip of an electronic pen 16 interfacing with a touch screen 12. Thetouch screen is shown to include a plurality of column electrodes 85-cand a plurality of row electrodes 85-r in, or on, one or more layers ofthe touch screen. The pen tip of the pen 16 includes the primaryconductor and the 1^(st) secondary conductor; the eraser tip includesthe 2^(nd) secondary conductor.

In an example of the eraser tip interfacing with the touch screen, thecircuitry 102 generates a signal as discussed with reference to FIG. 11.The signal is transmitted via the 2^(nd) secondary conductor to thetouch screen, which is processed by the touch screen processing module82 as also discussed with reference to FIG. 11.

FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicpen 16 that includes the pen tip 100, the shell 101 (not shown in thisfigure), and circuitry 102. The circuitry 102 includes atransmit/receive (TX/RX) circuit 110, a secondary circuit 112, and a rawdata circuit 114. Depending on the capabilities of the touch screenprocessing module 82 (FIGS. 2 and 3), the electronic pen 16 can functionin a ring-back only mode (e.g., the TX/RX circuit is active, and theothers are inactive) such that the pen functions as a touch device. Inanother mode, the TX/RX circuit, the raw data circuit, and the secondarycircuit are active. In this mode, additional data regarding the pen'soperation (e.g., pen's orientation with respect to the touch screen,power information, pen functions, etc.) can be conveyed between the pen16 and the touch screen processing module.

In the ring-back mode, which may be the default start up mode, the TX/RXcircuit 110 receives a signal 116 from the touch screen via the primaryconductor 104. The TX/RX circuit 110 generates a ring-back signal 118based on the signal 116. The TX/RX circuit 110 then transmits thering-back signal 118 via the primary conductor 104 to the touch screen.Various embodiments of the TX/RX circuit 110 are discussed withreference to FIGS. 16 and 17.

The raw data circuit 114 may be implemented in a variety of ways toproduce a variety of raw data. For example, the raw data circuit 114 isan orientation circuit that generates raw orientation data (e.g.,capacitance values or changes in capacitance values that represent x-ytilt of the pen). As another example, the raw data circuit 114 is apressure sensor that generates raw pressure data (e.g., a capacitancevalue, a change in capacitance value, an analog signal, etc.). As yetanother example, the raw data circuit 114 is a pen function circuit thatgenerates raw pen function data (e.g., pen color, pen thickness, powerinformation (e.g., battery life, power consumption, battery charging,etc.), etc.). In general, raw data 120, whether in analog and/or digitalform, requires further processing for it to have meaning for the penand/or the computing device. To reduce power consumption of the pen, theprocessing of the raw data into meaningful data is done by the touchscreen processing module 81 and/or the processing module 42 of thecomputing device 10 (FIGS. 1-3).

The secondary circuit 112 receive the raw data 120 from the raw datacircuit 114 and up-converts it into a data transmit signal 122. Forexample, the secondary circuit 112 up-converts the raw data 120 bymodulating it with a reference oscillation (e.g., a sinusoidal signalhaving a unique frequency). As another example, the secondary circuit112 up-converts the raw data 120 by increasing the power of the raw data(e.g., amplifying voltage and/or current of the raw data). The secondarycircuit 112 then transmits the data transmit signal 122 to the touchscreen via the secondary conductor 106.

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic pen 16 that includes the pen tip 100, the shell 101 (notshown in this figure), and circuitry 102. The circuitry 102 includes thetransmit/receive (TX/RX) circuit 110, the secondary circuit 112, the rawdata circuit 114, and a processing module 130. In this embodiment, theprocessing module 130 provides the pen 16 with more functional options.

As an example, the processing module 130 receives a digitalrepresentation 124 of the inversion of the signal 116. As will bediscussed in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 16 and/or 17, theTX/RX circuit 110 generates the ring-back signal 118 as a scaled andinverted version of the signal 116. The TX/RX circuit 110 converts thescaled and inverted version of the signal 118, which is an analogsignal, into a digital signal (i.e., the digital representation 124 ofthe inversion of the signal 116).

In this example, a data message is embedded in the signal 116 by thetouch screen processing module. The data message may be regarding avariety of matters. For example, the data message is a commandrequesting data (e.g., send orientation raw data, send z-direction rawdata, send power data, etc.). As another example, the data message isregarding pen operation (e.g., turn on/off eraser, turn on/off secondarycircuit, etc.).

The processing module 130 extracts the data message from the digitalrepresentation 124 of the inversion of the signal 116 and processes it.Depending on the nature of the data message, the processing module 130generates a message response (e.g., a response to a request for data) orgenerates a pen command (e.g., turn on the eraser).

FIG. 16 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of atransmit-receive (TX/RX) circuit 110 that includes an invertingamplifier circuit 132, a feedback circuit 134, a dependent supply source136, and a reference circuit 135. The inverting amplifier circuit 132may be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, the invertingamplifier circuit 132 is an inverting amplifier. As another example, theinverting amplifier circuit 132 is a non-inverting amplifier followed byan inverter.

In an example, an input of the inverting amplifier circuit 132 receivesthe signal 116 (e.g., a signal from the touch screen) via the primaryconductor 104. Another input of the inverting amplifier circuit 132receives a reference signal 140, which is generated by the referencecircuit 135. In an embodiment, the reference signal 140 is a DC signalat a common mode voltage level. For example, if the inverting amplifiercircuit 132 has rail voltages of Vdd and Vss, then the common modevoltage is about halfway between Vdd and Vss. As a specific example,when Vdd is 1 Volt and a Vss is −1 Volt, then the common mode voltage is0 Volts. In this specific example, the signal 116 is effectivelygrounded to the pen 16.

From the input signals (e.g., signal 116 and the reference signal 140),the inverting amplifier circuit 132 generates a comparison signal 142.The comparison signal 142 is effectively a scaled and inverted versionof the signal 116. The scaling of the inverted signal is based on thefeedback circuit 134 and the dependent supply source 136 (e.g., adependent current source and/or a dependent voltage source). Inparticular, the feedback circuit 134 (which may include one or moreresistors and one or more capacitors to establish a gain and frequencyresponse for the inverting amplifier circuit 132) generates a regulationsignal 144 based on the comparison signal 142.

The dependent supply source 136 converts the regulation signal 144 intoan adjustment signal 146. The dependent supply source 136 supplies theadjustment signal to the primary conductor 104 to produce the ring-backsignal 118, which can be in the range of 100 mVp−p to 1 Vp−p or more.

FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of atransmit-receive (TX/RX) circuit 110 coupled to the processing module130. The TX/RX circuit 110 includes the inverting amplifier circuit 132,the feedback circuit 134, the dependent supply source 136, and thereference circuit 135 as discussed with reference to FIG. 16. The TX/RXcircuit 110 further includes an analog to digital converter (ADC) 138,which converts the comparison signal 142 into the digital representation124 of the signal 116.

As discussed with reference to FIG. 15, the signal 116 may include anembedded data message. The processing module 130 extracts the datamessage from the signal in a variety of ways. For example, theprocessing module 130 demodulates the signal 116 to extract the datamessage. As another example, the processing module 130 filters (e.g.,low pass, band pass, or high pass) the signal 116 to extract the datamessage.

The processing module 130 is further operable to generate a controlsignal 150, which it provides to the reference circuit 135. In anexample, the control signal 150 is a setting for the reference circuit135 to set the reference signal 140 to a specific DC level (e.g., commonmode voltage, a voltage above common mode, a voltage below common mode).In another example, the control signal 150 is a setting for thereference circuit 135 to generate the reference signal 140 to include anDC component and an AC component (an example is shown in FIG. 19).

As yet another example, the control signal 150 includes a messageresponse created by the processing module 130. The reference circuit 135includes the message response in the reference signal 140 such that themessage response is included in the ring-back signal 118. For a moredetailed discussion of communicating data via a structure similar to theTX/RX circuit see co-pending patent application entitled, “LOW VOLTAGEDRIVE CIRCUIT WITH BUS ISOLATION AND METHODS FOR USE THEREWITH”, havinga serial number of Ser. No. 16/246,772, and a filing date of Jan. 14,2019.

FIG. 18 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a raw datacircuit 114 and a secondary circuit 112 of an electronic pen 16. The rawdata circuit 114 includes a plurality of drive sense circuits (DSC) anda reference circuit 150; examples of each are discussed with referenceto FIG. 19. The drive sense circuits are coupled to a plurality oforientation capacitors (C_(−x), C_(+x), C_(−y), and C_(+y)). While fourDSCs and four orientation capacitors are shown, there could be more orless than four of each.

The secondary circuit 112 includes a multiplexer 162, a clock circuit152, an operational amplifier (op-amp), a feedback circuit 163, and apower output circuit 260. An example of a power output circuit 260 isdiscussed with reference to FIG. 29. Note that the clock circuit 152 maybe a stand-alone clock circuit or it may be implemented via theprocessing module 130.

In an example, the drive sense circuits (DSCs) provides a signalcorresponding to the DSC reference signal 164 to their respectivecapacitors. The capacitors will affect the signal, which is indicativeof the capacitor's impedance based on the equation:

$v = {\frac{1}{c}{\int{i*d{t.}}}}$

The DSCs generate an error signal 154-160 that are based on the detectedeffect on the signal. The multiplexor 162 receives the error signals154-160 and outputs them in a serial fashion based on a select signalfrom the clock circuit 152. To ensure alignment of the error signals154-160 with the selection of one of them by the multiplexer 162, theclock circuit provides a clock signal 166 to the reference circuit 150.The reference circuit 150 uses the clock signal 166 to generate the DSCreference signal 164.

Depending the feedback circuit 163, the op-amp is a unity gain op-amp(e.g., doesn't amplify the signal) or a non-unity gain op-amp (e.g.,amplifies the signal). The op-amp receives the output of the multiplexer162 and amplifies it in accordance with the feedback circuit 163 toproduce an output signal. The power out circuit 260 up-converts theoutput signal to produce the data transmit signal 122. Note that theop-amp may be an inverting op-amp or a non-inverting op-amp.

FIG. 19 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a referencecircuit 150 and a drive sense circuit (DSC) of a raw data circuit 114.The drive sense circuit (DSC) includes an inverting amplifier circuit170, a feedback circuit 172, and a dependent supply source 174. Thereference circuit 150 includes a DC voltage reference circuit 151, anoscillation generating circuit 153, and a summing circuit 155. Theoscillation generating circuit 153 may be one or more of a crystaloscillator, a phase locked loop, a voltage controlled oscillator, anumber controlled oscillator, a digital frequency synthesizer, etc.

In an example, the oscillation generating circuit 153 generates anoscillating component 165 based on the clock signal 166. The DC voltagereference circuit 151 generates a DC component 163 (e.g., a common modevoltage from Vdd and Vss, or other voltage level). The summing circuit155 sums the DC component 163 with the oscillating component 165 toproduce the DSC reference signal 164. Note that the frequency of theoscillating component may be in the range of 10's of Kilo-Hertz toGiga-Hertz depending on the size of the orientation capacitors.

The inverting amplifier circuit 170 receives, as inputs, the DSCreference signal 164 and adjustment signal 180 (which is also the drivesignal 182 and includes the effect of the signal 184). The invertingamplifier circuit 170, the feedback circuit 172, and the dependentsupply source 174 operate to keep the inputs of the inverting amplifiercircuit 170 substantially equal. To do this, the inverting amplifiercircuit 170 generates a capacitor error signal 176; the feedback circuit172 generates a regulation signal 178 from the capacitor error signal176; and the dependent supply source 174 generates the adjust signal180. For a variety of implementations of the drive sense circuit and amore detailed discussion of its functionality, see co-pending patentapplication entitled, “DRIVE SENSE CIRCUIT WITH DRIVE-SENSE LINE”,having a serial number of Ser. No. 16/113,379, and a filing date of Aug.27, 2018.

FIGS. 20-23 are diagram of examples of drive signals and effects on thedrive signal 182 of FIG. 19. FIG. 20 is a diagram of example of thedrive signal in which the electrical characteristic or change inelectrical characteristic of the capacitor is affecting the signal. Inthis example, the effect of the electrical characteristic or change inelectrical characteristic of the capacitor reduced the DC component buthad little to no effect on the oscillating component. For example, theelectrical characteristic is resistance. In this example, the resistanceor change in resistance of the capacitor decreased the signal, inferringan increase in resistance for a relatively constant current.

FIG. 21 is a diagram of another example of the signal in which theelectrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of thecapacitor is affecting the signal. In this example, the effect of theelectrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of thecapacitor reduces magnitude of the oscillating component but had littleto no effect on the DC component. In this example, the impedance orchange in impedance of the capacitor decreased the magnitude of theoscillating signal component, inferring an increase in impedance for arelatively constant current.

FIG. 22 is a diagram of another example of the signal in which theelectrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of thecapacitor is affecting the signal. In this example, the effect of theelectrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of thecapacitor shifted frequency of the oscillating component but had littleto no effect on the DC component. In this example, the reactance orchange in reactance of the capacitor shifted frequency of theoscillating signal component, inferring an increase in reactance (e.g.,capacitor is functioning as an integrator or phase shift circuit).

FIG. 23 is a diagram of another example of the signal in which theelectrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of thecapacitor is affecting the signal. In this example, the effect of theelectrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of thecapacitor changes the frequency of the oscillating component but hadlittle to no effect on the DC component.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of an example of orientation signals that areproduced by the raw data circuit 114 and outputted by the secondarycircuit 112 of FIG. 18. In this example, the DSC reference signal 164includes an oscillating component 163 that is in-sync and having thesame frequency as the clock signal 166. Note that the frequency of theclock signal 166 may be greater or less than the frequency of theoscillating component 163.

In this example, the clock signal 162 is the selection signal for themultiplexer 162 of the secondary circuit 112. Thus, as each DSCgenerates their respective error signal 176, one cycle from the one ofthe signals is outputted by the multiplexer 162 (which is shown as thebolded cycle of each error signal). Note that more than one cycle ofeach error signal 176 may be outputted via the multiplexer 162.

FIG. 25 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a raw datacircuit 114 that includes a plurality of drive sense circuits (DSCs),the reference circuit 150, a plurality of analog to digital converters(ADC) 204-210, a clock adjust circuit 202, and a packet processingmodule 200. The reference circuit 150 receives a clock signal 166 fromthe clock circuit 1520 to produce the DSC reference signal 164 aspreviously discussed. The drive sense circuits operate as previouslydiscussed to produce capacitor error signals 190-196.

The ADCs 204-210 convert the capacitor error signals 190-196 intodigital error signals in accordance with an ADC clock signal 212, whichis generated by the clock adjust circuit 202 based on the clock signal166. The packet processing module 200 combines the digital error signalsinto the raw data 120 in accordance with a packeting clock 214, which isgenerated by the clock adjust circuit 202 based on the clock signal 166.The rates of the ADC clock 212 and the packeting clock 214 are dependenton the desired data rate and the bit resolution of the digital errorsignals. For example, if the desired data rate is 6.4Kilo-bits-per-second (Kbps) and the bit resolution of the digital errorsignals is 16 bits, then 64 bits of information is produced each cyclethrough the four digital error signals. At a 6.4 Kbps rate, 100 samplesof the digital error signals are taken per second. The ADC clock 212 andthe packeting clock 214 are set accordingly.

FIG. 26 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a packetprocessing module 200 of a raw data circuit 114 of FIG. 25. The packetprocessing module 200 includes a plurality of digital filters 220-226, aplurality of optional digital RMS circuits 228-234, a multiplexer 244,and a controller 246. The digital filters 220-226 filter the output oftheir respective ADCs 204-210 in accordance with a digital filter (DF)clock signal 248, which is produced by the controller 246. For example,of an ADC is a 1-bit sigma-delta modulator, then the correspondingdigital filter is a decimation or comb filter to produce a digitalcapacitance value (e.g., a digital value corresponding to the capacitorerror signal 190-196).

The digital RMS (root-mean-square) circuits 228-234, if included,convert their respective digital value 228-234 into a digital RMS valuein accordance with an RMS clock signal 250, which is produced by thecontroller 246. The multiplexer 244 outputs the digital RMS values inaccordance with a select signal 252, which is produced by the controller246. In this manner, digital raw data 120 is sent to the touch screenprocessing module for further processing.

FIG. 27 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a secondarycircuit 112 of an electronic pen 16 receiving raw data 120 from a rawdata circuit 114. The secondary circuit 112 includes a digital to analogcircuit 150, an operational amplifier (op-amp) a power output circuit260, and a feedback circuit 152. The digital to analog circuit 150includes an analog to digital converter and may further includeadditional digital filtering and/or a buffer. An embodiment of theop-amp and feedback circuit 150 is shown in FIG. 28 and an embodiment ofthe power output circuit 260 is shown in FIG. 29, both will subsequentlybe discussed.

In this embodiment, the raw data 120 is digitized, as previouslydiscussed, and is received in data frames. A frame of raw data includesa header section, a data section, and may further include a footersection. The header section includes a unique binary pattern such thatit is recognizable as the header. For example, the header includes 16bits, the first 8 bits are logic ones and the second 8 bit are logiczeros. The data section may be partitioned in bit or byte size tocorrespond to the data being received. For example, if the data beingreceived is the digital values of the four orientation capacitors ofFIG. 26 and each digital value is 8 bits, then the data section isdivided into four sections of 8 bits per section.

The footer section of a data frame is optional. If included, the footersection includes a unique bit pattern such that it is recognized as thefooter section. For example, the footer section is 16 bits; the first 8bits are logic zero and the second 8 bits are logic one. The footersection can be omitted if the size of the data section is known, whichcan be done in a variety of ways. For example, the header sectionincludes a frame size field that indicates the size of the frame and/orof the data section. As another example, the number of data sections andtheir respective bit sizes is known, thus the size of the data sectionis readily determined.

In an example of operation, the digital to analog circuit 150 convertsthe raw data 120 into analog raw data 154. The op-amp, which may be aninverting op amp or a non-inverting op amp, amplifies the analog rawdata 154 in accordance with the gain provided by the feedback circuit152. The power out circuit 260 up-converts the amplified raw data toproduce the data transmit signal 120. As an example, the power outcircuit 260 up-convers the amplified raw data by increasing the voltageand/or current of the amplified raw data. As another example, the powerout circuit 260 modules the amplified raw data with a carrier signal toproduce the data transmit signal 120.

FIG. 28 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an operationalamplifier circuit (op amp) and feedback circuit 152 of FIG. 27(collectively an operational amplifier circuit). The feedback circuit152 includes the capacitor (C) and resistors R1 and R2. The values ofR1, R2, and C establish the frequency response for the operationalamplifier circuit. For example, a ratio between R1 and R2 establishesthe gain of the circuit and R-C time constant of R1/R2 and C establishesthe corner frequency.

In an example, the operational amplifier circuit amplifies the analograw data 154 based on the frequency response to produce a data signal123. Since the operational amplifier circuit is inverting, where thedata signal is an inverting and amplified version of the analog raw data154.

FIG. 29 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a power outputcircuit 260 that includes a biasing transistor and an inverting &amplifying transistor, which are high voltage transistors. The biasingtransistor's gate is coupled to a bias voltage, its drain is coupled toa high-voltage power supply (e.g., 30-60 Volts), and its source iscoupled to the drain of the inverting & amplifying transistor. Thesource of the inverting & amplifying transistor is coupled to ground andits gate is coupled to receive the data signal 123, which is anamplified and inverted version of the analog raw data 154. The drain ofthe inverting & amplifying transistor provides the output of the powerout circuit 260, which is the data transmit signal 122.

FIG. 30 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a raw datacircuit 114 and two secondary circuits 112 of an electronic pen 16. Theraw data circuit 114 includes a plurality of drive sense circuits (DSCs)and a reference circuit 150 as previously discussed with reference toFIG. 18. In this embodiment, the raw data circuit further includes twosubtraction modules. The first subtracts the C−x error signal 154 fromthe C+x error signal 156 to produce a difference Cx error signal (ΔCx)and the second subtracts the C−y error signal 158 from the C+y errorsignal 160 to produce a difference Cy error signal (ΔCy).

Assume that, when the pen 16 is not being tilted, C−x equals C+x and C−yequals C+y. Thus, C−x error signal 154 equal C+x error signal 156 andC−y error signal 158 equal C+y error signal 160. With these errorsignals being equal, each of the difference Cx error signal (ΔCx) andthe difference Cy error signal (ΔCy) equal zero. When a tilt occurs, theerror signals will not be equal, thus the difference Cx error signal(ΔCx) and/or the difference Cy error signal (ΔCy) will not be zero. Thenon-zero values of the difference Cx error signal (ΔCx) and/or thedifference Cy error signal (ΔCy) are processed by the touch screenprocessing module 82 (of FIGS. 2 and 3) to determine the tilt of thepen.

The first and second secondary circuits 112 convey the difference Cxerror signal (ΔCx) and the difference Cy error signal (ΔCy) to the touchscreen processing module 82. Each of the first and second secondarycircuits 112 includes an op-amp, a feedback circuit 152, and a power outcircuit 260, which function as previously discussed with reference toFIG. 27. As an alternative to using two secondary circuits 112, thedifference Cx error signal (ΔCx) and the difference Cy error signal(ΔCy) are multiplexed and outputted by a single secondary circuit 112.

FIG. 31 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic pen 16 that includes the circuitry 102, the primary conductor104, the 1^(st) secondary conductor 106, the 2^(nd) secondary conductor121, shielding 108, and the orientation capacitors (C−x, C+x, C−y, andC+y). The circuitry 102 includes the TX/RX circuit 110, the 1^(st)secondary circuit 112-1, the 2^(nd) secondary circuit 112-2, theprocessing module 130, the z-direction pressure sensor 107, a penfunctionality circuit 272, and an orientation circuit 274. The circuit102 is coupled to a supply voltage that has one or more rail to railvoltages of Vdd 286 and Vss 287. From Vdd and Vss, a ground reference288 is established (e.g., a voltage approximately equal to ½ of thedifference between Vdd and Vss).

In an example, the z-direction pressure sensor 107 produces z-directionpen tip data 276 in a raw data form as previously discussed. Theorientation circuit 274 generates xy data 280 (e.g., tilt data) based onthe capacitance values of the orientation capacitors (C−x, C+x, C−y, andC+y). Embodiments of the orientation circuit 274 were discussed withreference to FIGS. 18, 25, and 30. The processing module 130 generatesanalog xyz data 281 based on the z-direction pen tip data 276 and the xydata 280 and provides it to the 2^(nd) secondary circuit 112-2. The2^(nd) secondary circuit 112-2 generates an xyz pen tip data signal 284based on the analog xyz data 281. In addition, the 2^(nd) secondarycircuit 112-2 transmits the xyz pen tip data signal 284 to the touchscreen via the 2^(nd) secondary conductor 121. In this example, the2^(nd) secondary circuit is capacitively coupled to the 2^(nd) secondaryconductor 121. Alternatively, the 2^(nd) secondary circuit is directlycoupled to the 2^(nd) secondary conductor 121.

In another example, the TX/RX circuit 110 receives a signal 116 via theprimary conductor 104 from the touch screen. When the signal 116 doesnot include an embedded data message, the TX/RX circuit 110 generates aring-back signal 118, which it transmits to the touch screen via theprimary conductor 104. In this example, the TX/RX circuit 110 iscapacitively coupled to the primary conductor 104. Alternatively, theTX/RX circuit 110 is directly coupled to the primary conductor 104.

When the signal 116 includes an embedded data message, the TX/RX circuit110 extracts the data message and provides it to the processing module130. The processing module 130 generates a message response and sends itto the TX/RX circuit 130. The TX/RX circuit 110 embeds the messageresponse in the ring-back signal 118. Various embodiments of the TX/RXcircuit 110 are previously discussed.

In yet another example, the pen functionality circuit 272 generates penfunctional data 278, which is in a raw data format. The pen functionaldata 278 may be regarding a variety of pen functions. For example, thepen functional data 278 is regarding power data of the battery and/orpower supply providing power to the electronic pen 16. As anotherexample, the pen functional data 278 is regarding selection of a buttonor switch for one or more of color change, write thickness, paint mode,draw mode, eraser mode, etc.

The processing module 130 generates analog pen data 279 based on the penfunctional data 278 and provides it to the 1^(st) secondary circuit112-1. The 1^(st) secondary circuit 112-1 generates a pen function datasignal 282 based on the analog pen data 279. In addition, the 1^(st)secondary circuit 112-1 transmits the pen functional data signal 282 tothe touch screen via the 1^(st) secondary conductor 106. In thisexample, the 1^(st) secondary circuit is capacitively coupled to the1^(st) secondary conductor 106. Alternatively, the 1^(st) secondarycircuit is directly coupled to the 1^(st) secondary conductor 106.

FIG. 32 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a power supply305, a pen functionality circuit 272, a processing module 130, and asecondary circuit 112-1 of an electronic pen 16. The power supplycircuit 305 is coupled to a battery 302, which powers the pen 16. Thepower supply circuit 305 may be implemented in a variety of ways. Forexample, the power supply circuit 305 is a DC-to-DC converter using oneor more topologies (e.g., buck, boost, fly-back, half bridge, etc.). Asanother example, the power supply circuit 305 includes one or morelinear regulators. Regardless of the particular construct of the powersupply circuit 35, the power supply circuit 35 generates, from thebattery voltage (v_batt), one or more positive rail voltages (Vdd) 286,one or more negative rail voltages (Vss) 287, and a ground reference288.

The pen functionality circuit 272 includes a power control circuit 300,which receives the battery voltage, the positive rail voltage(s), andthe negative rail voltage(s) as inputs. In an embodiment, the powercontrol circuit 300 includes a battery charger to charge the battery302. In addition, the power control circuit 300 monitors the charging ofthe battery (e.g., charge current, charge level, trickle current, etc.)and produces power data 278-1 therefrom.

In another embodiment or in furtherance of the previous embodiment, thepower control circuit includes a voltmeter and/or current meter todetermine voltage, current, and/or power usage of the pen and/or drainon the battery. This information comprises, or is added to, the powerdata 278-1. The power data 278-1 may be analog data or digital data.

The processing module 130 is configured to include an oscillationgenerator 306 and a modulation circuit 304. The oscillation generator306, which may be a phase locked loop, a voltage controlled oscillator,a crystal oscillator, a number controlled oscillator, or a digitalfrequency synthesizer, generates an oscillation signal 308. In anembodiment, the oscillation signal 308 is a sinusoidal signal having afrequency in the range of a few KHz to tens of GHz.

The modulation circuit 304 modulates the oscillation signal 308 with thepower data 278-1 to produce the analog pen data 279. In an embodiment,the modulation circuit 304 amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shiftkeying (PSK), and/or amplitude modulation (AM) modulates the oscillationsignal 308 based on the power data 278-1 to produce the analog pen data279. The 1^(st) secondary circuit 112-1, which includes the op-amp, thefeedback circuit 152, and the power out circuit 260, outputs anup-converted version of the analog pen signal to the touch screen viathe 1^(st) secondary conductor 106.

FIG. 33 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a penfunctionality circuit 272, the processing module 130, and the 1^(st)secondary circuit 112-1 of an electronic pen 16. In this embodiment, thepen functionality circuit 272 includes a button and/or switch array 310that includes one or more switches and/or one or more buttons. Thebutton/switch array 310 enables a user of pen to select certain penfeatures such as pen color, pen tip thickness, paint mode, draw mode,eraser or pen mode, etc. to produce selection data 278-1. For example,when a first switch is open (or a button is not pushed), the electronicpen 16 is in a pen mode and, when the switch is closed (or button ispressed), the electronic pen 16 is in an eraser mode.

The processing module 130 includes the oscillation generator 306 andmodulation circuit 304, which function as previously discussed to createthe analog pen data 279 from the selection data 278-1. The 1^(st)secondary circuit 112-1, which includes the op-amp, the feedback circuit152, and the power out circuit 260, outputs an up-converted version ofthe analog pen signal to the touch screen via the 1^(st) secondaryconductor 106.

FIG. 34 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a z-directionpressure sensor 107, the orientation circuit 274, the processing module130, and the 2^(nd) secondary circuit 112-2 of an electronic pen 16. Thez-direction pressure sensor 107 generates z pen tip data 276 aspreviously discussed. the orientation circuit 278 is coupled to theorientation capacitors (not shown in this figure) to produce capacitorerror signals 190-196 as previously discussed with reference to FIG. 18.

The processing module 130 includes the clock circuit 152, multiplexer162, and multiplexer 163. The clock circuit 152 generates controlsignals for the multiplexers 162 and 163 such that the processing module130 outputs the analog xyz data 281. For example, the processing moduleoutputs, in a repetitive order, the C−x error signal, the C+x errorsignal, the C−y error signal, the C+y error signal, and the z pen tipdata 276 as the analog xyz data 281. The 2^(nd) secondary circuit 112-2,which includes the op-amp, the feedback circuit 152, and the power outcircuit 260, outputs an up-converted version of the analog xyz data 281to the touch screen via the 2^(nd) secondary conductor 121.

FIG. 35 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic pen 16 that includes the circuitry 102, the pen tip 100, andthe eraser tip, which includes the 2^(nd) secondary conductor 121. Thepen tip 100 includes the primary conductor 104, the 1^(st) secondaryconductor and the shielding 108. This embodiment includes two sets oforientation capacitors (C−x, C+x, C−y, and C+y); one for the pen tip andsecond one for the eraser tip. The circuitry 102 includes the TX/RXcircuit 110, the 1^(st) secondary circuit 112-1, the 2^(nd) secondarycircuit 112-2, the processing module 130, a z-direction pen tip pressuresensor 107 a, a z-direction eraser tip pressure sensor 107 b, the penfunctionality circuit 272, a pen tip orientation circuit 274 a, and aneraser orientation circuit 274 b. The circuit 102 is coupled to a supplyvoltage that has one or more rail to rail voltages of Vdd 286 and Vss287. From Vdd and Vss, a ground reference 288 is established (e.g., avoltage approximately equal to ½ of the difference between Vdd and Vss).

The circuitry 102 operates similarly to the circuitry of FIG. 31 withdifferences being the 2^(nd) secondary conductor 121 and 2^(nd)secondary circuit 112-2 are used for the eraser end of the pen 16. Thez-direction eraser pressure sensor 107 b and the eraser orientationcircuit 274 b operate similarly to the z-direction eraser pressuresensor 107 a and the eraser orientation circuit 274 a, but for theeraser end of the pen. In addition, the 1^(st) secondary conductor 106and the 1^(st) secondary circuit 112-1 are used for both the xyz pen tipdata 284 and the pen function data signal 282.

FIG. 36 is a schematic block diagram of an electronic writing apparatus(EWA) 400 that includes a function module 402, a processing module 404,a memory 406, a transceive circuit 410, and a conductor 420. Thetransceiver circuit 410 includes a reference circuit 412 and adrive-sense circuit 414. In an embodiment, the reference circuit 412 isimplemented by reference circuit 150 of FIG. 19. Also in an embodiment,the drive sense circuit 414 is implemented by a drive sense circuit ofone or more previous Figures. In an additional embodiment, theelectronic writing apparatus is implemented by or in conjunction withelectronic pen 16 of one or more previous Figures. In an example, theprocessing module 404 is implemented by a processing module of one ormore previous Figures.

In an embodiment, the function module 402 includes one or more of signalgenerators, voltage sources, current sources, transducers, actuators,capacitors, resistors, transistors, switches, electrodes, switches, ananalog to digital converter (ADC) and a digital to analog converter(DAC). The memory 406 stores and retrieves operational data 409 thatincludes one or more of a reference table, settings, a state, storedvalues, and a basic input/output system (BIOS).

The electronic writing apparatus 400 may operate in a variety of modesto communicate information with a touch screen computing device. Themodes include one or more of a beacon mode, a ring back mode, and a datacommunication mode. In beacon mode, the electronic writing apparatustransmits an identifier signal having a unique characteristic (e.g.,waveform shape, frequency band, amplitude, frequency, phase shift, etc.)that identifies the electronic writing apparatus to a touch screencomputing device as one or more of a pen and an eraser. In ring backmode, the electronic writing apparatus amplifies a received signal tobackscatter data to a touch screen computing device. In datacommunication mode, the electronic writing apparatus receives data atone or more frequencies from a touch screen computing device andregulates data signals at one or more frequencies (same or differentfrequencies than received) on one or more conductors of the electronicwriting apparatus to transceive data with a touch screen computingdevice.

In an example of operation, the function module 402 detects a stimulus401. The stimulus includes one or more of a pressure, a touch, anorientation, a torque, an acceleration, an inbound signal, a voicecommand, a vibration, and a button selection. As an example, thefunction module detects a capacitance change of a capacitive pressuresensor. As another example, the function module detects a voice command(e.g., a particular frequency pattern). As yet another example, thefunction module detects a button selection (e.g., a switch closing).

The function module generates functional data 403 based on the detectedstimulus. For example, the function module 402 generates a digitalcapacitive value of an orientation capacitor as functional data 403based on the detected capacitance change. As another example, thefunction module 402 passes raw data (e.g., data that needs subsequentprocessing, the particular frequency pattern, etc.) to the processingmodule as the functional data 403. As another example, the functionmodule 402 generates a first digital value (e.g., 2) indicative of afirst button selection as the functional data 403.

The processing module 403 generates an outbound data signal 405 based onone or more of functional data 403, error correction signal 415 andoperational data 409. For example, the processing module generates anoutbound data signal 405 having a first frequency to represent thedigital capacitance value. As another example, the processing module 404generates an outbound data signal 405 having a second frequency torepresent the first digital value based on a look up table stored inmemory 406. As yet another example, the processing module 404 determinesthat error correction signal 415 indicates to send a digital capacitancevalue, and generates the outbound data signal 405 representative of thedigital capacitance value based on the functional data 403. As yet afurther example, the processing module 404 determines that errorcorrection signal 415 indicates to send communication mode settings(e.g., operational data 409) stored in memory 406.

Note the outbound data signal 405 may be raw data or an interpretationthereof. Raw data is data that needs further data and/or processing togive meaning to the data. As an example, the outbound data signal 405 isthe particular frequency pattern. As another example, the outbound datasignal is an interpretation of the raw data such that when the stimulusis capacitance error signals representing an orientation change, thefunctional data is capacitance values based on the capacitance errorsignals and the outbound data signal is xy angle of the electronicwriting apparatus based on a difference between the capacitance valuesand previous capacitance values.

The reference circuit generates identifier signal 411. In an example,the identifier signal 411 is based on outbound data signal 405. Forexample, when the outbound data signal 405 is at a second frequency thatis utilized to transmit pen data to a touch screen, the referencecircuit generates an identifier signal at a third frequency to identifythe electronic writing apparatus as a pen to the touch screen. Inanother example, the identifier signal has a unique waveformcharacteristic (e.g., frequency, shape, frequency band, etc.) that is anidentifier for an aspect (e.g., functionality, capability, etc.) of theelectronic writing apparatus (EWA) 400. For example, an identifiersignal 411 with a first particular frequency identifies that the EWA iscurrently functioning as a pen. As another example, a second particularfrequency (or frequency pattern) represents capabilities (e.g., canfunction as an eraser only, can function as a pen, can function as botha pen and an eraser, has multiple conductors for transceiving data, haspen and pencil functionality, etc.) of the EWA. As yet another example,the unique waveform identifies a line thickness of the electronicwriting apparatus functioning as a pen. Alternatively, or in additionto, the outbound data signal is modulated with data (e.g., a bitpattern) that represents the functionalities and capabilities associatedwith the electronic writing apparatus.

Having generated the identifier signal 411, the reference circuit 412combines the identifier signal 411 with the outbound data signal 405 toproduce a transmit reference signal 413. The combining includes one ormore of adding, subtracting, mixing, and multiplying the outbound datasignal 405 and the identifier signal 411.

The drive sense circuit 414 regulates the transmit reference signal 416onto the conductor 420, which is discussed in greater detail withreference to one or more other Figures, for example, FIG. 16 and FIG.42. The drive sense circuit 414 is also operable to receive an inboundsignal 422 and generate an error correction signal 415 based on one ormore of the inbound signal 422 and the transmit reference signal 413.The error correction signal 415 is then supplied to processing module404.

The processing module 404 is also operable to produce a request 407based on one or more of functional data 403, operational data 409, andthe error correction signal 415. The request may include one or more ofwrite data to memory 406, send data (e.g., a current capacitance value)to a computing device, use a particular data communication setting(e.g., send data via a specific conductor 420 (e.g., secondary conductorfor higher data rate) and/or at a particular frequency (e.g., a firstfrequency f1)), perform an operation (e.g., instruct the electronicwriting apparatus to vibrate), and change an operational setting (e.g.,reduce power, increase power, change color of a light emitting diode(LED)).

As an example, the processing module recovers inbound data from theerror correction signal 415 and interprets the inbound data to determinethe request. As another example, the processing module is preset, whenpower for the electronic writing apparatus is turned on, to retrieveinstructions from memory that cause the electronic writing apparatus togenerate an outbound data signal as the request. The EWA then executesthe request 407. For example, the processing module requests 407 thefunction module 402 return functional data 403 that includes and/orrepresents a current capacitance value for each orientation capacitiveplate 111. As another example, the processing module sends a writerequest 407 to memory 406 to store an updated reference table.

FIG. 37 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus (EWA) 400 that includes an EWA end 374, an EWA tip 372and a touch portion 370. The touch portion may be implemented by a touchscreen 12 and computing device 10 of one or more previous Figures. Thetouch portion 370 may include one or more of an electrode, a capacitor,a transistor, a resistor, an inductor, and a drive sense circuit. In anexample, the electronic writing apparatus end 374 functions as aconventional eraser and the electronic writing apparatus tip 372functions as a conventional pen. In another example, the electronicwriting apparatus end 374 may be implemented by eraser tip 125 of FIG.11 and electronic writing apparatus tip 372 may be implemented by pentip 100 of FIG. 11.

The touch portion functions to receive an input from a user of the EWA400. For example, the touch portion detects a capacitance change ofoperably connected electrodes that represents a touch by a user of theelectronic writing apparatus 400. In an example, the touch portionallows the user to change functionality of the electronic writingapparatus via touch. For example, the user may tap the touch portiontwice to cause the electronic writing apparatus to generate an undo amost recent line marking command signal, which is sent to a touch screencomputing device. As another example, the user may increase a pressureon the touch portion to cause the electronic writing apparatus togenerate an increase line thickness command signal, which is sent to atouch screen computing device. As yet another example, the user mayswitch between bold, underline and italic functionality by tapping thetouch portion. The touch portion may be integrated with or operablyconnected to a touch module, that is discussed in greater detail withreference to Figures.

FIG. 38 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a touch portion370. The touch portion 370 includes three touch areas (TAs) shown as afirst touch area, a second touch area and a third touch area, eachsubstantially the same size. Each touch area may be utilized for adifferent function and include its own touch module. For example, thefirst touch area may change the thickness of the marking produced by theEWA, the second touch area may change between a “pen” (e.g., can'terase), and a “pencil” (e.g., can erase) functionality of the EWA, andthe third touch area may switch the electronic writing apparatus tipfrom a writing functionality to an erase functionality.

As a specifics example, a first touch area when not sensing a touchcauses the electronic writing apparatus to be put into a sleep mode(e.g., reduce power, reduce amount of data transmitted, transmit no datauntil a wake command, etc.) and when sensing a touch causes theelectronic writing apparatus to be put or kept in a wake mode (e.g.,increase power, transmit a beacon signal, transmit output data, etc.). Asecond touch area when tapped cycles the electronic writing apparatusbetween different colors. A third touch area when tapped switches theelectronic writing apparatus between pen and pencil mode and whenpressure is increased increases the thickness of the pen or pencil line.Thus, a touch area may have more than one functionality associated withit.

FIGS. 39A-B are a schematic block diagrams of another embodiment oftouch portion 370. FIG. 39A illustrates the touch areas of touch portion370 as illustrated on the EWA 400 in FIG. 37 and FIG. 39 B illustrates astretched view of the touch portion 370. As shown in these embodiments,the touch areas may be different sizes. In an example, the orientation,shape and/or order of touch areas is determined based on whether theelectronic writing apparatus is designed for a left hand user or righthand user. The touch areas may be physically and/or visually demarcatedto a user in a variety of ways. For example, a raised bump indicateswhere a user should place her pointer finger when gripping the EWA 400so that the user's three gripping fingers each make contact with aspecific touch area. As another example, one or more edges of the touchareas may be marked on exterior surface of EWA. As yet another example,the touch areas may be different colors. Note the touch areas may becircular, include one or more curved edges, and/or include other shapesthan the rectangles illustrated.

FIG. 40 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus 400 that includes a pen function module 432, apressure sense module 434, a voice recognition module 390, a vibrationmodule 392, a touch module 394, an orientation detection module 436, apen tip processing module 440, a pen tip transceive circuit 442, and apen conductor 430. In an example, the pen tip processing module isimplemented by processing module 404, and the transceive circuit isimplemented by transceiver circuit 410 of FIG. 36. In this embodiment,modules 432, 434, 390, 392, 394, and 436 are examples of function module410 of FIG. 36. The conductor functions as an electrical interface to atouch screen computing device. In an example, the electrical interfaceincludes one or more of electrostatic coupling and electromagneticcoupling.

In an example of operation, pen tip processing module obtains functionaldata from one or more of the functional modules 432, 434, 390, 392, 394,and 436. For example, the processing module 440 receives pen functiondata 433 (e.g., line thickness, line style (e.g., font, curved,straight, etc.), line color, pen mode, pencil mode, text format, etc.)from pen function module 432. As another example, the processing module440 receives z-direction pressure data 435 (e.g., a capacitance value)from pressure sense module 434. As another example, the processingmodule 440 receives voice data 391 (e.g., a frequency pattern, a voicecommand, etc.) from voice recognition module 392. As yet a furtherexample, the processing module 440 receives vibration data 393 (e.g.,sensed vibration frequency, an electrical signal representing an amountof torque associated with the electronic writing apparatus) fromvibration module 394. As yet another example, the processing module 440receives orientation data 437 (e.g., a plurality of capacitance valuesrepresenting an orientation of the electronic writing apparatuscorresponding to an x-direction and/or a y-direction of an x-y plane asthe stimulus) from orientation detection module 436.

The pen tip processing module 440 generates an outbound data signal 441that is based on one or more of the functional data. For example, theoutbound data signal includes a portion (e.g., a first frequency signal)that represents pen function data 433 and a second portion (e.g., asecond frequency signal) that represents z-direction pressure data. Thepen tip transceiver circuit 442 transmits the outbound data signal 441(or representation thereof) onto the pen conductor 430. For example, thepen tip transceiver circuit 442 modulates the outbound data signal ontoa carrier signal and regulates the modulated outbound data signal on tothe pen conductor 430. The pen tip transceive circuit 442 also functionsgenerate an error correction signal 443 that represents inbound data,which is output to pen tip processing module 440. Thus, the electronicwriting apparatus is operable to communicate numerous functional dataregarding stimulus detected by the electronic writing apparatus to atouch screen computing device. This, in part, allows for greaterfunctionality of an electronic writing apparatus, ease of using theelectronic writing apparatus, and interaction of the electronic writingapparatus with a touch screen.

FIG. 41 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus (EWA) 400 that includes eraserfunctionality. In this example, the electronic writing apparatusincludes eraser conductor 440-1, eraser transceive circuit 442-1, eraserprocessing module 440-1, eraser function module 432-1, pressure module434-1, and orientation module 436-1. In an example, the electronicwriting apparatus is an eraser apparatus only. In another example, theelectronic writing apparatus is an eraser that includes penfunctionality, either via the same conductor 420 or a separate eraseconductor 430-1.

In an example of operation, the circuits and modules function in asimilar manner to corresponding circuits and modules of FIG. 40 toproduce an outbound data signal 441-1 based on one or more of eraserfunction data 433-1 (e.g., erase a color, erase a line, eraser a penmarking, erase a pencil marking, eraser width), z-direction pressuredata 435-1, orientation data 437-1 and error correction signal 443-3.The eraser transceive circuit 442-1 outputs the outbound data signal441-1 on to the eraser conductor 430-1. Note in one example, similarcircuits of FIG. 41 and FIG. 40 are implemented by the same circuit(e.g., when the EWA includes pen and eraser functionality).

In one example, a function module of the electronic writing apparatusdetermines an orientation of the eraser or pen tip to a touch screen andgenerates via respective circuitry based on the orientation. Forexample, when the pen tip is proximal, the electronic writing apparatustransmits signals via a pen tip transceive circuit and when the eraserend is proximal, the electronic writing apparatus transmits signal viathe eraser transceive circuit. As another example, a function moduleactivates eraser circuitry when a first button combination is selected,and activates pen circuitry when a second button combination isselected.

FIG. 42 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a processingmodule 404, a transceive circuit 410 and a conductor 420 of anelectronic writing apparatus 400. The processing module 404 includes adata processing circuit 450, a digital filter circuit 452 and an analogdigital circuit (ADC) 454. The transceiver circuit 410 includes areference circuit 412, an operational amplifier 425, and a dependentcurrent source 426.

In an example of operation, the data processing circuit 450 generatesoutbound information 444 based on one or more of the inbound digitaldata 451, and electronic writing apparatus (EWA) data 408 (e.g., one ormore of functional data and operational data). The reference circuit 412generates a transmit reference signal 413 based on outbound information444. The operational amplifier 425 receives the transmit referencesignal 413 on one input and outputs a primary transceive error signal443 based on a difference between the transmit reference signal 413 andsignaling (e.g., inbound signal 422) of its other input that isconnected to the conductor 420. A dependent current source 426, which isconnected to the other input of the operational amplifier, changes itscurrent based on transceive error signal 443 which produces a regulatedtransmit reference signal 457 that propagates on to conductor 420.

For processing inbound data, the analog to digital converter (ADC) 454converts the transceive error signal 443 to an inbound digital signal.Digital filter circuit 452 then filters the inbound digital signal toproduce inbound digital data 451, which may include one or more digitalfilter outputs (e.g., one output per frequency). The data processingcircuit then processes the inbound digital data 451 to produce a result(e.g., generate an outbound data signal, produce a vibration, go into asleep mode, etc.).

FIG. 43 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of referencecircuit 412 that includes a direct current (DC) voltage referencecircuit 470, a sinusoidal signal generator 472, a data level shiftcircuit 474, a multiplication circuit 476 and a summing circuit 476. Thereference circuit 412 functions to generate a transmit reference signal413 based on outbound information 444. The transmit reference signal mayinclude a direct current (DC) component, one or more frequencycomponents, a phase, a magnitude, and be a particular waveform (e.g.,square, sinusoid, triangular, sawtooth, etc.).

In an example of operation, DC voltage reference circuit 470 sets the DCvalue for the transmit reference signal 413, sinusoidal signal generator472 produces one or more oscillating signals at one or more particularfrequencies (e.g., beacon frequency, data transmit frequency, a firstfrequency, a second frequency, etc.), and data level shift circuit 474adjusts a magnitude of the signal to a desired detection level (e.g., 10mV to 1V or more). In this example, the outputs of sinusoidal signalgenerator 472 and the data level shift circuit 474 are multiplied andthe result is summed with the output of the DC voltage reference circuit470 to produce the transmit reference signal 413. In an embodiment, areference circuit 412 may function as a primary reference circuit thatoutputs primary data (e.g., identity of electronic writing apparatus asa pen or eraser) but can also function as a secondary reference circuitthat output secondary data (e.g., functional data associated with theelectronic writing apparatus) on a secondary conductor of an electronicwriting apparatus.

FIG. 44 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus tip 372 of an electronic writing apparatus 400communicating with a touch screen computing device 12 (e.g., computingdevice 10 that includes touch screen 12) utilizing one or morefrequencies (f1-f3). In this example, the touch screen includes a rowelectrode and a column electrode. The drive sense circuit DSC-4 drivesthe column electrode and drive sense circuit DSC-3 drives the rowelectrode. Each drive sense circuit utilizes a sinusoid at frequency f1to drive and sense a self-capacitance on a corresponding electrode anddrive sense circuit DSC-4 utilizes a sinusoid signal at f2 to drive thecolumn electrode and drive sense circuit DSC-3 senses the mutualcapacitance between the row electrode and the column electrode.

The electronic writing apparatus tip 372 includes drive sense circuitDSC-1 and a conductor 420. When the electronic writing apparatus tip isproximal to the touch screen 12, it detects an electrostatic and/orelectromagnetic field produced by the sinusoid signals at f1 and f2being conducted by the electrodes of the touch screen. The drive sensecircuit DSC-1 generates a signal having a component at f1 and f2 basedon the strength of the electrostatic and/or electromagnetic field. Thissignal is provided to a processing module of the electronic writingapparatus.

For ringback mode, the drive sense circuit DSC-1 of the electronicwriting apparatus tip 372 modulates the signal based on outbound datareceived from the processing module. This causes a change in theelectrostatic and/or electromagnetic field produced by the electrodes,which the drive sense circuits DSC-3 and DSC-4 detect and produce anerror signal therefrom. One of the drive sense circuits provides theerror signal to a processing module of the touch screen for subsequentprocessing.

For beacon mode, the drive sense circuit DSC-1 of the electronic writingapparatus tip receives a sinusoidal signal at frequency f3 from anelectronic writing apparatus transceive circuit and drives a currentrepresentation of the sinusoidal signal on to the conductor 420. Whenthe electronic writing apparatus tip is proximal to the touch screencomputing device 12, the touch screen detects an electrostatic and/orelectromagnetic field produced by the sinusoid signal at f3 beingconducted by the conductor 420. At least one of drive sense circuitsDSC-3 and DSC-4 generates a signal having a component at f3 based on thestrength of the electrostatic and/or electromagnetic field. This signalis provided to a processing module of the touch screen.

For data communication mode, the drive sense circuit DSC-1 of the pentip receives a data modulated sinusoidal signal at one or morefrequencies f3-fn from the pen tip transceive circuit and drives acurrent representation of the data modulated sinusoidal signal on to thepen conductor 420. When the pen tip is proximal to the touch screen 12,the touch screen detects an electrostatic and/or electromagnetic fieldproduced by the data modulated sinusoid signal being conducted by thepen conductor 420. At least one of drive sense circuits DSC-3 and DSC-4generates a signal having components at f3-n based on the strength ofthe electrostatic and/or electromagnetic field. This signal is providedto a processing module of the touch screen. Note the Vref signal inputinto the op amps may include one or more of a voltage, current, andoscillating signal. An example of signals f1, f2 and f3 present on eachof the operational amplifier (425-1, 425-3, 425-4) inputs areillustrated in FIGS. 47A-C. Thus, these examples show the electronicwriting apparatus and the touch screen computing device utilizing threefrequency signals to drive, sense and communicate data.

FIG. 45 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a processingmodule 404, a transceive circuit 410 and a conductor 420 of anelectronic writing apparatus 400. The processing module 404 includes adata processing circuit 450, a bandpass filter (BPF) circuit 446 and ananalog to digital (ADC) 454. In this example, the electronic writingapparatus operates to communicate with a touch screen computing devicein a data communication mode.

The processing module sets up data communication mode settings forcommunicating data with a touch screen computing device. The datacommunication mode in this example includes inbound data for theelectronic writing apparatus to be at a first frequency and outbounddata to be at a third frequency. Thus, the processing module sets thebandpass filter 446 to filter out unwanted signals (e.g., signals with asecond frequency, signals with a third frequency, etc.).

The processing module, when generating outbound data, also sets asinusoidal signal generator to generate signals at the third frequency.

In an example of operation, the data processing circuit 450 determines arequest (e.g., a command) based on one or more of the EWA data 408 andthe inbound digital data at f1. For example, the processing circuitinterprets inbound digital data f1 to be a request from a touch screencomputing device for orientation data to be sent to the touch screencomputing device that is modulated on a third frequency (f3) signal. Assuch, the data processing circuit 450 generates outbound information 444based on EWA data 408 (e.g., that includes functional data regarding therequest) that causes reference circuit 412 to generate an amplitudeshift keying (ASK) data output signal 447 at the third frequency D. Thedrive sense portion of transceive circuit 410 then regulates the dataoutput signal 447 onto conductor 420.

FIG. 46 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a referencecircuit 412 that includes a DC voltage reference circuit 470, sinusoidalsignal generator 472, and a data level shift circuit 474. The referencecircuit 412 functions to produce an amplitude shift keying (ASK) dataoutput 447 at a third frequency (f3) based on outbound information 444.Note the data output signal 447 could also be generated using a phaseshift keying (PSK) approach, an amplitude modulation (AM) approach, or acombination of ASK, PSK and AM. Further note that in this example, atouch screen computing device communicating with the electronic writingapparatus associated with reference circuit 412 utilizes a first andsecond frequency to detect capacitance changes associated withelectrodes of the touch screen. In an embodiment, the sinusoidal signalgenerator generates a specific tone to represent an identifier signal(e.g., 411 of FIG. 36).

In an example of operation, DC voltage reference circuit 470 generates aDC voltage based on the DC Vref enable signal. The DC voltage may be acommon mode voltage of operational amplifier 425 of FIG. 56. Thesinusoidal signal generator 472 generates one or more signals based on asinusoidal signal generator enable signal. For example, the sinusoidalsignal generator 472 generates a sinusoid oscillating at the thirdfrequency. The data level shift circuit 474 generates a level shiftsignal based on level shift enable and EWA data 408 signals. Thereference circuit then combines (e.g., multiplies, adds, etc.) thesignals to produce the ASK data output 447 signal at the thirdfrequency.

FIG. 47A is a graphical illustration of an example of frequencycomponents associated with Iin_1 of FIG. 45 for data communicationbetween an electronic writing apparatus and a touch screen computingdevice. As illustrated, the electronic writing apparatus receives f1 andf2 from the touch screen computing device and f1 includes receivedinbound data shown with a green arrow. The electronic writing apparatustransmits EWA data 408 on a frequency signal f3 (as shown with redarrow) to produce a modulated Iin_1 at f3 signal.

FIG. 47B is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of anelectronic writing apparatus 400 that includes eraser processing module440-1, a pen tip transceiver circuit 442 and a pen conductor 430. Inthis embodiment, the eraser portion of electronic writing apparatus 400is in transmit mode only (e.g., does not or is inoperable to receiveinformation from a touch screen computing device). In an example, theeraser has its own eraser processing module 440-1, utilizes (e.g.,shares) the pen tip transceive circuit 442 of FIG. 40 to outputtransceive reference signal 413-1 instead of using a separate erasertransceive circuit.

In an example of operation, the eraser processing module 440-1 generatesoutbound information 444, which is based on EWA data 408. Referencecircuit 412 generates transmit reference signal 413-1, which may includea beacon signal that identifies the outbound information 444 ascorresponding to an eraser or that the signal is an erase signal. Theeraser data (e.g., outbound information 444) may include one or more offunctional data and operational data as discussed in one or more otherFigures. For example, the eraser data is capacitance values of an eraserorientation module. As such, when the transmit reference signal 413-1 isregulated onto the pen conductor 430, a touch screen computing devicecan differentiate the eraser data from pen data based on the beaconsignal (e.g., the erase data is on a different frequency signal than pendata).

FIG. 48 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a processingmodule 404, a transceive circuit 410, and a conductor 420 of anelectronic writing apparatus 400. In this example, the electronicwriting apparatus is operating in beacon mode where the processingmodule 404 is not receiving inbound data (e.g., from a touch screencomputing device) and is not transmitting EWA data 408. As such, thereis no processing of a transceive error signal as shown by the fadedlight grey lines. Note in an example of using the beacon mode, theelectronic writing apparatus and the touch screen computing deviceutilize a third frequency signal for detect touches and/or hovers of theelectronic writing apparatus on the touch screen.

In an example of operation, the data processing circuit 450 outputsoutbound information 444 that includes a set reference signal at a thirdfrequency (e.g., f3 (e.g., 100 MHz)). In an example, the third frequencyis a beacon signal frequency, which identifies the electronic writingapparatus as a pen and/or an eraser. Reference circuit 412 generates atransmit signal 480 having the third frequency and the transceivecircuit 410 regulates the signal onto the pen conductor 420 as discussedwith reference to one or more previous Figures.

FIG. 49 is a schematic block diagram of an example of the referencecircuit 412 operating in beacon mode. Outbound information 444 includesa direct current (DC) Vref enable information (e.g., enable signal,voltage level, etc.) and sinusoidal signal generator enable information(e.g., waveform, frequency, enable signal, etc.).

In an example of operation of the beacon mode, the DC voltage referencecircuit 470 produces a DC output of a particular voltage level based onDC Vref enable signal. Sinusoidal signal generator 472 produces anoscillation signal having a third frequency D. The summing circuit 476combines the DC signal with the oscillating signal (f3) to produce thetransmit signal 480 having the particular voltage level and oscillatingat the third frequency (f3). The reference circuit 412 then outputs thetransmit signal 480 to the operational amplifier 425. In anotherexample, the reference circuit generates the transmit signal 480 as onlya sinusoid signal at f3 (e.g., no DC component).

FIG. 50 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a processingmodule 404, transceiver circuit 410, and a conductor 420 of anelectronic writing apparatus 400. The processing module 404 includes adata processing circuit 450, a bandpass filter 446, and an analog todigital converter (ADC) 454. The transceiver circuit 410 includes areference circuit 412, an operational amplifier 425, and a dependentcurrent source 426.

In an example of operation, the electronic writing apparatus 400 iscommunicating with a touch screen computing device 12 in a ring backmode. In ring back mode, the EWA receives a an inbound signal from thetouch screen via conductor 420. The processing module 404 receives atransceive error signal 443 based on the inbound signal and converts andfilters it into an inbound digital data signal 450 at the firstfrequency (e.g., the frequency a touch screen uses to drive and sense anelectrode). The processing module generates outbound information signal444 based on the inbound digital data at f1.

The reference circuit 412 generates an ASK data signal 464 at a firstfrequency f1 based on outbound information 444. For example, and asshown in FIG. 51, the data level shift circuit 474 of reference circuit412 modifies an amplitude of the first frequency signal based on EWAdata 408 to produce an amplitude shift keying (ASK) data out signal 464at the first frequency.

The ASK data out 464 signal is then transmitted (e.g., backscattered)via primary pen conductor 420 to a touch screen computing device.

FIG. 52 is a graphical illustration of an embodiment of frequencycomponents associated with Iin_1 of FIG. 50 for ring back communicationbetween an electronic writing apparatus and a touch screen computingdevice. As illustrated, the electronic writing apparatus receives f1 andf2 from the touch screen computing device. The electronic writingapparatus modulates EWA data 408 on received inbound frequency signal f1to produce a modulated Iin_1 at f1 signal as shown in FIG. 53 and as thered arrow in FIG. 52. The electronic writing apparatus transmits themodulated signal via a conductor for receiving by the touch screencomputing device. Note in other examples, the electronic writingapparatus may utilize inbound frequency f2 to send the EWA data oranother frequency (e.g., a fifth frequency f5 when utilizing datacommunication mode).

FIG. 54 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a pen tipprocessing module 440, a pen tip transceive circuit 442 and a conductor420 of an electronic writing apparatus 400. The pen tip processingmodule 440 includes a data processing circuit 450, a bandpass filter(BPF) circuit 446 and an analog to digital converter (ADC) 454. The pentip transceive circuit 442 includes a reference circuit 412 and a drivesense circuit (e.g., operational amplifier 425 and inputs, feedback todependent current source 426). In this example, the electronic writingapparatus 400 operates to communicate with a touch screen computingdevice using beacon and ringback modes.

In an example of operation, the drive sense circuit generates an analogtransmit/receive error signal. The ADC 454 converts the analogtransmit/receive error signal into a digital transmit/receive errorsignal. The bandpass filter 446 filters (e.g., passes signals within afirst frequency band) the digital transmit/receive error signal toproduce an inbound digital signal having a first frequency f1. The dataprocessing circuit 450 then recovers inbound data from the inbound datasignal. In an example, the data processing circuit determines thatinbound data indicates to transmit a portion of EWA data 408. In anotherexample, the data processing circuit determines that inbound dataindicates to ringback default data (e.g., a preset data dump). In yetanother example, the data processing circuit determines that inbounddata indicates a touch screen computing device is ready to interact.

The data processing circuit 450 generates outbound information 444 thatincludes EWA data 408 to be modulated on an inbound digital signal atthe first frequency (f1) and a set reference circuit signal to produce abeacon signal at a third frequency (f3). The reference circuit generatesa data out signal 464 that includes a first and third frequencycomponents based on the outbound information 444. The pen tip transceivecircuit regulates the data out signal 464 onto conductor 420 forreceiving by the touch screen computing device.

FIG. 55 is a graphical illustration of an embodiment of the signaling onconductor 420 in the example of FIG. 54. As illustrated, the drive senseportion of the pen tip transceive circuit senses a first and secondfrequency signal from a touch screen computing device. The pen tiptransceive circuit modulates EWA data 408 on the first frequency signalto the touch screen (e.g., amplifies and rings back f1) and generates abeacon signal at a third frequency (f3), which is used by the touchscreen computing device to identify the electronic writing apparatus asa pen.

FIG. 56 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an eraserprocessing module 440-1, an eraser transceive circuit 442-1 and aneraser conductor 430-1 of an electronic writing apparatus. The eraserprocessing module 440 includes a data processing circuit 450-1, abandpass filter (BPF) circuit 446 and an analog to digital (ADC) 454.The electronic writing apparatus functions as an eraser and operates tocommunicate with a touch screen computing device using beacon andringback modes, similar to the example discussed with reference to FIG.52, but the beacon signal in this example is at a fourth frequency toidentify an aspect of the electronic writing apparatus (e.g., the EWAdata is erase data, the signal is from an eraser electronic writingapparatus, the electronic writing apparatus is an eraser only, etc.)according to a communication protocol.

FIG. 57 is a graphical illustration of an embodiment of signals drivenand sensed by the eraser transceive circuit 442-1 in the example of FIG.56. As illustrated, current signal Iin_1 includes a first and secondfrequency component received from a touch screen computing device. I_in1also includes an EWA data 408 component at the first frequency signal(f1). Iin_1 also includes a beacon signal component at a fourthfrequency (f4) to identify the electronic writing apparatus as aneraser.

FIG. 58 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method of anelectronic writing apparatus communicating with a touch screen computingdevice. The method begins or continues with step 600, where a functionmodule of the electronic writing apparatus detects a stimulus. Thestimulus includes one or more of a touch, a pressure, an orientation, abutton selection, a vibration, a voice command, an acceleration, atorque and a received data signal. The function module may be on or moreof an orientation circuit, a pen functionality circuit, a z-directionpressure circuit, an eraser functionality circuit, a voice recognitioncircuit, a vibration circuit, and a touch circuit. The method continueswith step 602, where the function module generates functional data basedon the detected stimulus. For example, the function module generates oneor more capacitance change values representing an orientation of theelectronic writing apparatus.

The method continues with step 604, where a processing module of theelectronic writing apparatus generates an outbound data signal from thefunctional data. The method continues with step 606, where a transceivercircuit of the electronic writing apparatus generates an identifiersignal that has a unique waveform characteristic. The unique waveformcharacteristic is an identifier for an aspect of the electronic writingapparatus. For example, a square wave identifies the electronic writingapparatus as an eraser. As another example, a first particular frequencyidentifies the electronic writing apparatus as having both pen anderaser functionality.

The method continues with step 608, where the transceive circuitcombines the outbound data signal with the identifier signal to producea transmit reference signal. For example, the transceiver circuit addsthe outbound data signal to the identifier signal to produce thetransmit reference signal. The method continues with step 610, where thetransceive circuit regulates the transmit reference signal on aconductor of the electronic writing apparatus. The method continues withstep 612, where the transceive circuit generates an error correctionsignal based on the transmit reference signal and, if present, aninbound signal received via the conductor.

The processing module of the electronic writing apparatus may furtherrecover inbound data from the error correction signal and interpret theinbound data to determine a request and execute the request. Forexample, the processing module interprets the inbound data to be a datacommunication setup request that includes an instruction to transmitelectronic writing apparatus data at a first frequency and beacon dataat a second frequency.

FIG. 59 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus that includes a pen function module 432, a pressuremodule 434, an orientation module 436, a pen processing module 440, apen tip transceive circuit 442, that is operably connected to a primaryconductor 440 and one or more secondary conductors 540. The primary andsecondary conductors function as electrical interfaces to a touch screencomputing device. In an example, the electrical interface includes oneor more of capacitive coupling, electrostatic coupling andelectromagnetic coupling. The electronic writing apparatus 400 uses oneor more of the primary and secondary conductors to transmit and receivevarious types of data with a touch screen computing device. For example,the electronic writing apparatus 400 sends pen primary data 592 viaprimary conductor 440 in ring back mode. As another example, theelectronic writing apparatus 400 sends pen primary data 592 via primaryconductor 440 in beacon mode and sends pen secondary data 594 via asecondary conductor 540 in data communication mode. As another example,the electronic writing apparatus 400 sends pen secondary data 594 viasecondary conductor 540 in beacon mode.

The determination of what data to send via which conductor is based onor more of a command, a preset (e.g., according to a data communicationprotocol, according to a stored instruction), a type of data, and a sizeof data. For example, a beacon signal is transmitted on the primaryconductor based on a command (e.g., from an inbound data signal). Asanother example, data over a first size (e.g., 1 MB) is transmitted viathe secondary conductor and data under the first size is transmitted viathe primary conductor. As yet another example, when the type of data ispen function data, it is transmitted via the primary conductor and whenthe type of data is z-direction pressure data, it is transmitted via thesecondary conductor.

FIG. 60 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus 400 that includes an eraser function module 432-1, apressure module 434-1, an orientation module 436-1, an eraser processingmodule 440-1, and an eraser transceive circuit 442-1, that is operablyconnected to a primary conductor 440 and one or more secondaryconductors 540. Note when the electronic writing apparatus includeseraser and pen functionality, the electronic writing apparatus mayutilize the same modules (e.g., processing module 440, pressure module434, orientation module 436, etc.) for both pen and eraser functionaldata generation and/or processing.

This example is similar to the example of FIG. 59, except that theelectronic writing apparatus includes or is functioning as an eraser totransceive eraser primary data via a primary conductor 440-1 and erasersecondary data via a secondary conductor 540-1. In one example, thenumber of transceiver circuits 442, corresponds to the number ofconductors present in the electronic writing apparatus. Note in anexample, one or more of the conductors (e.g., primary conductor) areused by both the eraser transceive circuit and the pen tip transceivecircuit. As a specific example, the electronic writing apparatusincludes pen and eraser circuitry, a primary conductor and a first andsecond secondary conductor. In this example, pen and eraser circuitryboth use a primary conductor 440 to transceive their primary data, pencircuitry also uses a first secondary conductor for pen secondary data,an eraser circuitry uses a second secondary conductor for erasersecondary data. Further in this example, the primary data includes abeacon signal that identifies the electronic writing apparatus as aneraser or pen (depending on the frequency of the beacon signal). Thesecondary data includes functional data (e.g., z-direction pressuredata) and/or operational data (e.g., a stored value) that is generatedby one or more function modules (e.g., pressure module 434-1) orretrieved from memory of the electronic writing apparatus.

In an embodiment, one or more of the secondary conductors are largerthan the primary conductor, which allows the secondary conductor(s) totransmit data at a higher data rate as there is more surface area of theconductor to propagate electrical signals. Thus, in an exampleoutputting data of a first size on the primary conductor and outputtingdata of a second size (greater than the first) on the secondaryconductor (e.g., the larger conductor) allows for greater datathroughput.

FIG. 61 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus tip 372 communicating with a touch screen computingdevice 12 via multiple conductors of the electronic writing apparatus.FIGS. 61A-D are graphical illustrations of frequencies driven and sensedrespectively by the electronic writing apparatus tip 372 and the touchscreen 12 of FIG. 61. As illustrated in FIGS. 61A-D, a first frequencyis utilized to sense self capacitance changes of column and rowelectrodes of touch screen 12, a second frequency is utilized to sensemutual capacitance changes between column and row electrodes of touchscreen 12, and a third frequency is utilized to sense a penself-capacitance, and identify the electronic writing apparatus as apen/eraser to touch screen 12. Note that a second drive sense circuitDSC-2 (e.g., op amp 425-2, dependent current source 426-2 and feedback)may drive current signal Iin_2 at a different frequency than a firstdrive sense circuit DSC-1 (e.g., op amp 425-1, dependent current source426-1 and feedback) drives Iin_1. In another example, DSC-1 utilizes thesame frequency f3 for Vref_1 and Vref_2, but at a different phase and/ormagnitude.

FIG. 62 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus utilizing a plurality of conductors to communicatewith a touch screen computing device. The electronic writing apparatusincludes a processing module 404, a primary transceive circuit 410-1coupled to a primary pen conductor 440 and a secondary transceivecircuit 410-2 coupled to a secondary pen conductor(s) 540. Theprocessing module 404 includes one or more data processing circuits 450,digital filter circuits 452, analog to digital converters (ADC) 454, anddigital to analog converters (DAC) 456.

In an example of operation, the electronic writing apparatus receivesand transmits pen primary data from a touch screen computing device viaprimary pen conductor 440 and receives and transmits pen secondary datavia secondary pen conductor 540. The primary transceive circuit 410-1regulates primary data out. In an example, the primary data out is avoltage reference signal (Vref). The secondary pen transceive circuit442-1 regulates secondary data out and/or a Vref signal. In an example,the secondary data out signal represents functional data (e.g.,capacitance change values, pressure measurement, button state, etc.). Asa specific example, the electronic writing apparatus outputs a beaconsignal having a third oscillation frequency on primary pen conductor 440and outputs a secondary data signal having a fourth frequency on asecondary conductor 540. The determination of the data processingcircuit as to what data to output on which conductor includes one ormore of receiving a command, interpreting a unique characteristic of aninbound data signal, and performing a lookup.

FIG. 63 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus (EWA) communicating with a touch screen computingdevice via multiple conductors of the electronic writing apparatus. Themethod begins or continues with step 620, where the electronic writingapparatus determines to transmit data (e.g., as a signal, as a modulatedsignal, etc.) to a touch screen computing device. The method continueswith step 622, where the electronic writing apparatus determines whetherto use more than one conductor to transmit the data with the touchscreen computing device. When using more than one conductor the methodbranches to steps 630 and 640. When not using more than one conductorthe method continues to step 624 where the electronic writing apparatusgenerates a transmit reference signal. In an example, the transmitreference signal includes one of an outbound data signal (e.g.,representing EWA data) and an identifier signal.

The method continues with step 626, where the electronic writingapparatus regulates the transmit reference signal onto a conductor ofthe electronic writing apparatus. The method continues with step 628,where the electronic writing apparatus generates an error correctionsignal based on the transmit reference signal and an inbound signalreceived via the conductor.

When the electronic writing apparatus determines to utilize more thanone conductor, the method continues to steps 630 and 640. Note thatsteps 630-634 and step 640-644 may be performed concurrently. At step630, the electronic writing apparatus generates a first transmitreference signal. The method continues with step 632, where theelectronic writing apparatus regulates the first transmit referencesignal onto a first conductor (e.g., a primary conductor (e.g., closestconductor to center of electronic writing apparatus)). The methodcontinues with step 634, where the electronic writing apparatusgenerates a first error correction signal based on the first transmitreference signal and a first representation of an inbound signalreceived via the first conductor.

The method also continues at step 640, where the electronic writingapparatus generates a second transmit reference signal. The methodcontinues with step 642, where the electronic writing apparatusregulates the second transmit reference signal onto a second conductor(e.g., a secondary conductor (e.g., second closest conductor to centerof electronic writing apparatus, a conductor that does not transmit thebeacon signal, a larger conductor, etc.)). The method continues withstep 644, where the electronic writing apparatus generates a seconderror correction signal based on the second transmit reference signaland a second representation of an inbound signal received via the secondconductor. Note that at least one of the first and second transmitreference signals include an identifying signal having a unique waveformcharacteristic (e.g., frequency, shape, frequency band, combination offrequency and shape, etc.) that functions as an identifier for an aspect(e.g., write as pen, write as pencil, erase pencil, erase pen,identifier, etc.) of the electronic writing apparatus, and that one ormore of the first and second transmit reference signals includes theoutbound data signal. Further note that the secondary conductor may belarger (e.g., greater surface area, greater in diameter, etc.) than thefirst or primary conductor. As such, the secondary conductor maytransmit similar data signals at a lower power rate than the primaryconductor. Also, the secondary conductor allows the electronic writingapparatus to transceive data signals with a touch screen computingdevice at a greater data rate.

FIG. 64 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of an electronicwriting apparatus communicating with a touch screen computing devicethat begins or continues with step 660, where the electronic writingapparatus transmits a transmit reference signal to the touch screencomputing device that identifies the electronic writing apparatus. In anexample, the electronic writing apparatus transmits the transmitreference signal in response to detecting a stimulus (e.g., touch,command on an inbound signal, pressure, orientation, etc.).Alternatively, the electronic writing apparatus transmits the transmitreference signal based on receiving a command from the touch screencomputing device. The method continues with step 662, where theelectronic writing apparatus receives a response from the touch screencomputing device based on the transmit reference signal. For example,the electronic writing apparatus receives updated settings (e.g.,frequency, modulation scheme, number of conductors to use, types of datato transmit on which conductor, etc.) for beacon mode, datacommunication mode and ringback mode. As another example, the electronicwriting apparatus receives processing scheme information that indicateswhether the electronic writing apparatus or the touch screen willprocess certain data. For example, the processing scheme informationindicates that for capacitance values from a z-direction pressuresensor, the electronic writing apparatus will determine an amount ofpressure based on the capacitance values and send data representing theamount of pressure to the touch screen. As another example, theprocessing scheme information indicates that for voice command data, theelectronic writing apparatus will transmit raw data associated with thevoice command to the touch screen for processing.

The method continues with step 664, where the electronic writingapparatus interprets the response to determine a function for execution.The function may include one or more of send data to touch screen,generate a vibration, store functional data, write data received fromtouch screen, and changing a property of the electronic writingapparatus and/or communication preferences (e.g., settings, processingscheme information, etc.) between the electronic writing apparatus andthe touch screen. For example, the property may be one or more ofchanging a color of an LED on the electronic writing apparatus, changinga vibration frequency and the communication preferences may includechanging a transmit beacon frequency. As another example, the functionincludes changing transmit settings from transmitting all data on aconductor to transmitting primary data on a primary conductor andtransmitting secondary data on a secondary conductor.

The method continues with step 666, where the electronic writingapparatus executes the determined function to produce a result. Forexample, the electronic writing apparatus modifies the transmit beaconfrequency that indicates the electronic writing apparatus is functioningas an eraser. As another example, the electronic writing apparatusobtains functional data regarding the request for processing by thetouch screen computing device. The method continues with step 668, wherethe electronic writing apparatus transmits a second transmit referencesignal to the touch screen computing device that includes informationbased on one or more of the response and the result. For example, theelectronic writing apparatus sends the obtained functional data to thetouch screen computing device for subsequent processing.

FIG. 65 an embodiment of a touch screen computing device communicatingwith an electronic writing apparatus that begins or continues with step680, where the touch screen computing device receives a transmitreference signal having at least one unique waveform characteristic froman electronic writing apparatus. The method continues with step 682,where the touch screen computing device determines capabilities and/orfunctionalities of the electronic writing apparatus based on the uniquewaveform characteristics. For example, the touch screen computing devicedetermines that the electronic writing apparatus is functioning as aneraser based on the frequency of the transmit reference signal. Asanother example, the touch screen computing determines the electronicwriting apparatus has a vibration capability based on shape (e.g.,sawtooth) of the transmit reference signal.

The method continues with step 684, where the touch screen computingdevice generates a response that includes a function for execution bythe electronic writing apparatus. For example, the touch screencomputing device generates a response that includes a function ofstoring a new reference table for future communications. As anotherexample, the touch screen computing device generates a response thatincludes a function of send back pressure data. In an example, the touchscreen computing device determines one or more of communicationpreferences and settings for transceiving signals with the electronicwriting apparatus and generates the response to includes thecommunication preferences and settings.

The method continues with step 686, where the touch screen computingdevice transmits, via electrodes of the touch screen computing device,the response to the electronic writing apparatus. For example, the touchscreen computing device modulates data representing the response onto asignal with a first frequency used to drive and sense capacitancechanges on an electrode of the touch screen to produce a modulatedsignal. The touch screen computing device drives the modulated signalonto the electrode for transmission to the electronic writing apparatus.

It is noted that terminologies as may be used herein such as bit stream,stream, signal sequence, etc. (or their equivalents) have been usedinterchangeably to describe digital information whose contentcorresponds to any of a number of desired types (e.g., data, video,speech, text, graphics, audio, etc. any of which may generally bereferred to as ‘data’).

As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately”provide an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/orrelativity between items. For some industries, an industry-acceptedtolerance is less than one percent and, for other industries, theindustry-accepted tolerance is 10 percent or more. Other examples ofindustry-accepted tolerance range from less than one percent to fiftypercent. Industry-accepted tolerances correspond to, but are not limitedto, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperaturevariations, rise and fall times, thermal noise, dimensions, signalingerrors, dropped packets, temperatures, pressures, material compositions,and/or performance metrics. Within an industry, tolerance variances ofaccepted tolerances may be more or less than a percentage level (e.g.,dimension tolerance of less than +/−1%). Some relativity between itemsmay range from a difference of less than a percentage level to a fewpercent. Other relativity between items may range from a difference of afew percent to magnitude of differences.

As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to”, “operablycoupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct couplingbetween items and/or indirect coupling between items via an interveningitem (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, anelement, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirectcoupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of asignal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or powerlevel. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where oneelement is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct andindirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”.

As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to”, “operableto”, “coupled to”, or “operably coupled to” indicates that an itemincludes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., toperform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and mayfurther include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As maystill further be used herein, the term “associated with”, includesdirect and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item beingembedded within another item.

As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that acomparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desiredrelationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may beachieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1. As maybe used herein, the term “compares unfavorably”, indicates that acomparison between two or more items, signals, etc., fails to providethe desired relationship.

As may be used herein, one or more claims may include, in a specificform of this generic form, the phrase “at least one of a, b, and c” orof this generic form “at least one of a, b, or c”, with more or lesselements than “a”, “b”, and “c”. In either phrasing, the phrases are tobe interpreted identically. In particular, “at least one of a, b, and c”is equivalent to “at least one of a, b, or c” and shall mean a, b,and/or c. As an example, it means: “a” only, “b” only, “c” only, “a” and“b”, “a” and “c”, “b” and “c”, and/or “a”, “b”, and “c”.

As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “module”,“processing circuit”, “processor”, “processing circuitry”, and/or“processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality ofprocessing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor,micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, centralprocessing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logicdevice, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digitalcircuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/ordigital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operationalinstructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit,processing circuitry, and/or processing unit may be, or further include,memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memorydevice, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry ofanother processing module, module, processing circuit, processingcircuitry, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be aread-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatilememory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory,and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if theprocessing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry,and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, theprocessing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupledtogether via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may bedistributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via alocal area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if theprocessing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitryand/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via astate machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logiccircuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the correspondingoperational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, thecircuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digitalcircuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memoryelement may store, and the processing module, module, processingcircuit, processing circuitry and/or processing unit executes, hardcoded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some ofthe steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures.Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article ofmanufacture.

One or more embodiments have been described above with the aid of methodsteps illustrating the performance of specified functions andrelationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functionalbuilding blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined hereinfor convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences canbe defined so long as the specified functions and relationships areappropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences arethus within the scope and spirit of the claims. Further, the boundariesof these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined forconvenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined aslong as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed.Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily definedherein to illustrate certain significant functionality.

To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence couldhave been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significantfunctionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional buildingblocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scopeand spirit of the claims. One of average skill in the art will alsorecognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrativeblocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustratedor by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits,processors executing appropriate software and the like or anycombination thereof.

In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue”indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that thesteps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used inconjunction with one or more other routines. In addition, a flow diagrammay include an “end” and/or “continue” indication. The “end” and/or“continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can end asdescribed and shown or optionally be incorporated in or otherwise usedin conjunction with one or more other routines. In this context, “start”indicates the beginning of the first step presented and may be precededby other activities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue”indication reflects that the steps presented may be performed multipletimes and/or may be succeeded by other activities not specificallyshown. Further, while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering ofsteps, other orderings are likewise possible provided that theprinciples of causality are maintained.

The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or moreaspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or moreexamples. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article ofmanufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more ofthe aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with referenceto one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figureto figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly namedfunctions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or differentreference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. maybe the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or differentones.

While the transistors in the above described figure(s) is/are shown asfield effect transistors (FETs), as one of ordinary skill in the artwill appreciate, the transistors may be implemented using any type oftransistor structure including, but not limited to, bipolar, metal oxidesemiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), N-well transistors,P-well transistors, enhancement mode, depletion mode, and zero voltagethreshold (VT) transistors.

Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/orbetween elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein maybe analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-endedor differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as asingle-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path.Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it alsorepresents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particulararchitectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise beimplemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, directconnectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between otherelements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.

The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of theembodiments. A module implements one or more functions via a device suchas a processor or other processing device or other hardware that mayinclude or operate in association with a memory that stores operationalinstructions. A module may operate independently and/or in conjunctionwith software and/or firmware. As also used herein, a module may containone or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.

As may further be used herein, a computer readable memory includes oneor more memory elements. A memory element may be a separate memorydevice, multiple memory devices, or a set of memory locations within amemory device. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, randomaccess memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory,dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device thatstores digital information. The memory device may be in a form asolid-state memory, a hard drive memory, cloud memory, thumb drive,server memory, computing device memory, and/or other physical medium forstoring digital information.

While particular combinations of various functions and features of theone or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, othercombinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. Thepresent disclosure is not limited by the particular examples disclosedherein and expressly incorporates these other combinations.

What is claimed is:
 1. A circuit comprises: a function module operablycoupled to: detect stimulus of an electronic writing apparatus; andgenerate functional data based on the detected stimulus; a processingmodule operable to generate an outbound data signal from the functionaldata; a transceive circuit coupled to a conductor of the electronicwriting apparatus, wherein the transceive circuit includes: a referencecircuit operably coupled to: generate an identifier signal having aunique waveform characteristic, wherein the unique waveformcharacteristic is an identifier for an aspect of the electronic writingapparatus; and combine the outbound data signal with the identifiersignal to produce a transmit reference signal; a drive-sense circuitoperably coupled to: regulate the transmit reference signal on theconductor; and generate an error correction signal based on the transmitreference signal and an inbound signal received via the conductor. 2.The circuit of claim 1, wherein the function module comprises: anorientation circuit that determines one or more of an orientation of theelectronic writing apparatus corresponding to an x-direction of an x-yplane as the stimulus and an orientation of the electronic writingapparatus corresponding to a y-direction of the x-y plane as thestimulus.
 3. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the function modulecomprises: a pen functionality circuit operable to generate thefunctional data to represent one or more of: a line color; a linethickness; a pencil mode; a pen mode; a drawing format; and a textformat.
 4. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the function modulecomprises: a z-direction pressure circuit operable to detect a pressureexerted on a tip of the electronic writing apparatus; and generate thefunctional data to represent the detected pressure.
 5. The circuit ofclaim 1, wherein the function module comprises: an eraser functionalitycircuit operable to generate the functional data to represent one ormore of: an erase line function; an erase color function; an erasepencil function; an erase pen function; and an eraser width.
 6. Thecircuit of claim 1, wherein the function module comprises: a voicerecognition circuit operable to receive a voice command; and generatethe functional data to represent the received voice command.
 7. Thecircuit of claim 1, wherein the function module comprises: a touchcircuit operable to detect a touch of a user of the electronic writingapparatus; and determine functional data based on the touch.
 8. Thecircuit of claim 1, wherein the function module comprises: a vibrationcircuit operable to convert a vibration into an electrical signal;convert the electrical signal into functional data; receive a controlsignal from the processing module; and generate a vibration signal basedon the control signal that causes the electronic writing apparatus tovibrate at a particular frequency.
 9. The circuit of claim 1, whereinthe processing module is further operable to: recover inbound data fromthe error correction signal; and interpret the inbound data to determinea request for execution by the electronic writing apparatus; andfacilitate execution of the request.
 10. The circuit of claim 1, whereinthe stimulus comprises one or more of: a touch; a pressure; anorientation; an acceleration; a torque; a vibration; a voice command;and a button selection.
 11. The circuit of claim 1, wherein thereference circuit includes one or more of: a direct current (DC) voltagereference circuit; a sinusoidal signal generator; a multiplicationcircuit; a summing circuit; and a data level shift circuit.
 12. Thecircuit of claim 1, wherein the drive sense circuit comprises: anoperational amplifier; a dependent current source; and a feedback loop.